{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T18:00:56Z","timestamp":1791655256496,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":227,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regione Autonoma Sardegna (RAS)","award":["RAS-FSC 2018, Codice intervento: RC_CRP_034; CUP RASSR03071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RAS-FSC 2018, Codice intervento: RC_CRP_034; CUP RASSR03071"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR)","award":["PRIN 2017 (2017SXEXT5)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2017 (2017SXEXT5)"]}]},{"name":"Department of Anti-Drug Policies, of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Italy","award":["Project: \u201cEffects of NPS: development of a multicentre research for the information enhancement of the Early Warning System\u201d,"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project: \u201cEffects of NPS: development of a multicentre research for the information enhancement of the Early Warning System\u201d,"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007109","name":"University of Ferrara","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAR 2019 and FAR 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR 2019 and FAR 2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Commission under the Call JUST-2017-AG-DRUG SUPPORTING INITIATIVES IN THE FIELD OF DRUGS POLICY","award":["JUST-2017-AG-DRUG (n. 806996-JUSTSO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JUST-2017-AG-DRUG (n. 806996-JUSTSO"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sex and gender deeply affect the subjective effects and pharmaco-toxicological responses to drugs. Men are more likely than women to use almost all types of illicit drugs and to present to emergency departments for serious or fatal intoxications. However, women are just as likely as men to develop substance use disorders, and may be more susceptible to craving and relapse. Clinical and preclinical studies have shown important differences between males and females after administration of \u201cclassic\u201d drugs of abuse (e.g., \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), morphine, cocaine). This scenario has become enormously complicated in the last decade with the overbearing appearance of the new psychoactive substances (NPS) that have emerged as alternatives to regulated drugs. To date, more than 900 NPS have been identified, and can be catalogued in different pharmacological categories including synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic stimulants (cathinones and amphetamine-like), hallucinogenic phenethylamines, synthetic opioids (fentanyls and non-fentanyls), new benzodiazepines and dissociative anesthetics (i.e., methoxetamine and phencyclidine-derivatives). This work collects the little knowledge reached so far on the effects of NPS in male and female animal and human subjects, highlighting how much sex and gender differences in the effects of NPS has yet to be studied and understood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10090606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T08:40:26Z","timestamp":1599122426000},"page":"606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Sex and Gender Differences in the Effects of Novel Psychoactive Substances"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2663-666X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liana","family":"Fattore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8751-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Anti-Drug Policies, Collaborative Center for the Italian National Early Warning System, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, 00187 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaela","family":"Mostallino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3249-4706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Paola","family":"Castelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy"},{"name":"National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Excellence \u201cNeurobiology of Addiction\u201d, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01201-3","article-title":"Sex-Related differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of frequently prescribed drugs: A review of the literature","volume":"37","author":"Farkouh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. 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