{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T11:58:27Z","timestamp":1769169507204,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MINECO, Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["PSI2017-82604-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI2017-82604-R"]}]},{"name":"University of Malaga (Plan Propio 2017 \u2013 \u2018Ayudas para el fomento de proyectos de investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Sociales y Jur\u00eddicas, Humanidades, Arquitectura y Bellas Artes\u2019","award":["AYUDA_18_B.3._10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AYUDA_18_B.3._10"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science","award":["IJC2018-035935-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IJC2018-035935-I"]}]},{"name":"University of Malaga (Ayuda para la iniciaci\u00f3n a la investigaci\u00f3n del Plan Propio de la Universidad de M\u00e1laga","award":["A.1."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A.1."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex upon the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Assessment of cortisol in saliva has emerged as a reliable way of evaluating HPA function. We examined the relationships between salivary cortisol levels with both craving and cognitive performance, as a possible biomarker of cocaine addiction. Cognitive performance (attention, declarative and working memory, executive functions and recognition of emotions) was assessed in 14 abstinent cocaine-dependent subjects in outpatient treatment and 13 control participants. Three salivary samples were collected at home by all the participants in the morning, afternoon and at bedtime. Patients showed higher levels of cortisol in the morning, as well as higher area under the curve with respect to the ground (AUCg). Regarding cognitive performance, cocaine-abstinent subjects showed worse performance in attention (d2 test), verbal memory (Spanish Complementary Verbal Learning Test, TAVEC) and executive tests (Tower of Hanoi and phonological fluency test) with respect to the control group. Morning cortisol levels and the AUCg index were negatively associated with the age of onset of drug consumption and the AUCg index was also positively associated with craving in our patients\u2019 group. Moreover, morning cortisol levels, as well as the AUCg index, were negatively associated with verbal memory performance. Therefore, our pilot study suggests that salivary cortisol measurements could be a good avenue to predict craving level, as well as cognitive status, especially the declarative memory domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10100682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T22:24:42Z","timestamp":1601245482000},"page":"682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Salivary Cortisol Levels Are Associated with Craving and Cognitive Performance in Cocaine-Abstinent Subjects: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Patricia","family":"Sampedro-Piquero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicobiolog\u00eda y Metodolog\u00eda de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, Campus de Teatinos S\/N, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selene","family":"Vicario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicobiolog\u00eda y Metodolog\u00eda de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, Campus de Teatinos S\/N, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aroha","family":"P\u00e9rez-Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicobiolog\u00eda y Metodolog\u00eda de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, Campus de Teatinos S\/N, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Venero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicobiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, UNED, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shishir","family":"Baliyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicobiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, UNED, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Sant\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicobiolog\u00eda y Metodolog\u00eda de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, Campus de Teatinos S\/N, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(97)00027-9","article-title":"A neuroendocrine role in cocaine reinforcement","volume":"22","author":"Goeders","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00131.x","article-title":"Stress, alcohol and drug interaction: An update of human research","volume":"14","author":"Uhart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addict. 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