{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:46:35Z","timestamp":1787741195405,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-term noise exposure often results in noise induced hearing loss (NIHL). Tinnitus, the generation of phantom sounds, can also result from noise exposure, although understanding of its underlying mechanisms are limited. Recent studies, however, are shedding light on the neural processes involved in NIHL and tinnitus, leading to potential new and innovative treatments. This review focuses on the assessment of NIHL, available treatments, and development of new pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments based on recent studies of central auditory plasticity and adaptive changes in hearing. We discuss the mechanisms and maladaptive plasticity of NIHL, neuronal aspects of tinnitus triggers, and mechanisms such as tinnitus-associated neural changes at the cochlear nucleus underlying the generation of tinnitus after noise-induced deafferentation. We include observations from recent studies, including our own studies on associated risks and emerging treatments for tinnitus. Increasing knowledge of neural plasticity and adaptive changes in the central auditory system suggest that NIHL is preventable and transient abnormalities may be reversable, although ongoing research in assessment and early detection of hearing difficulties is still urgently needed. Since no treatment can yet reverse noise-related damage completely, preventative strategies and increased awareness of hearing health are essential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10100732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T08:55:53Z","timestamp":1602579353000},"page":"732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Noise Induced Hearing Loss and Tinnitus\u2014New Research Developments and Remaining Gaps in Disease Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Tang-Chuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Zhubei City, Hsinchu County 302056, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5664-4559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ta-Yuan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1396, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Ju","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Miin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yio-Wha","family":"Shau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8443-6180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Yong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Der","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Hsui","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.224683","article-title":"Hearing loss: Rising prevalence and impact","volume":"97","author":"Olusanya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. 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