{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:20:52Z","timestamp":1790666452149,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015741","name":"Kids Brain Health Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015741","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Loneliness and social isolation have negative consequences on physical and mental health in both adult and pediatric populations. Children with neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDD) are often excluded and experience more loneliness than their typically developing peers. This scoping review aims to identify the type of studies conducted in children with NDD to determine the effects of loneliness and\/or social isolation. Three electronic databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO) were searched from inception until 5 February 2019. Two independent reviewers screened the citations for inclusion and extracted data from the included articles. Quantitative (i.e., frequency analysis) and qualitative analyses (i.e., content analysis) were completed. From our search, 5768 citations were screened, 29 were read in full, and 12 were included. Ten were case-control comparisons with cross-sectional assessment of various outcomes, which limited inference. Autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, and learning disorder were the most commonly studied NDD. This review showed that loneliness among children with NDD was associated with negative consequences on mental health, behaviour, and psychosocial\/emotional development, with a likely long-term impact in adulthood. Lack of research in this area suggests that loneliness is not yet considered a problem in children with NDD. More studies are warranted using prospective designs and a larger sample size with a focus on the dynamic aspect of loneliness development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10110786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T11:43:06Z","timestamp":1603885386000},"page":"786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Effects of Social Isolation and Loneliness in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Celia","family":"Kwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojgan","family":"Gitimoghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"},{"name":"BC Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Collet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"},{"name":"BC Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"156","article-title":"Our Five Basic Needs: Application for Understanding the Function of Behavior","volume":"40","author":"Frey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Interv. Sch. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli0801_1","article-title":"Why Do We Need What We Need? A Terror Management Perspective on the Roots of Human Social Motivation","volume":"8","author":"Pyszczynski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733017748480","article-title":"Existential loneliness: An attempt at an analysis of the concept and the phenomenon","volume":"26","author":"Tengland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurs. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Weiss, R.S. (1973). Loneliness: The Experience of Emotional and Social Isolation, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-010-9210-8","article-title":"Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms","volume":"40","author":"Hawkley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med. A Publ. Soc. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494817743901","article-title":"Loneliness and subjective health complaints among school-aged children","volume":"46","author":"Lyyra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32533-4","article-title":"A unified approach to loneliness","volume":"395","author":"Fried","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.04.002","article-title":"The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review","volume":"26","author":"Heinrich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Peplau, L.A., Perlman, D., and Perlman, D. (1982). Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stickley, A., Koyanagi, A., Koposov, R., Blatn\u00fd, M., Hrdli\u010dka, M., Schwab-Stone, M., and Ruchkin, V. (2016). Loneliness and its association with psychological and somatic health problems among Czech, Russian and U.S. adolescents. BMC Psychiatry, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0829-2"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2174\/1874350101508010113","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Loneliness and Common Chronic Physical Conditions in Adults","volume":"8","author":"Petitte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Psychol. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.8.805","article-title":"Socially isolated children 20 years later: Risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"160","author":"Caspi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatrics Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.2.234","article-title":"Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease","volume":"64","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725362","DOI":"10.1080\/17482631.2020.1725362","article-title":"Social isolation and exclusion: The parents\u2019 experience of caring for children with rare neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"15","author":"Currie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Stud. Health Well-Being"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2013). Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-016-0707-7","article-title":"Being on your own or feeling lonely? Loneliness and other social variables in youths with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"48","author":"Deckers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00156","article-title":"Loneliness and friendship in high-functioning children with autism","volume":"71","author":"Bauminger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.05.010","article-title":"Loneliness among students with special educational needs in mainstream seventh grade","volume":"33","author":"Bossaert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025827427901","article-title":"Peer interaction and loneliness in high-functioning children with autism","volume":"33","author":"Bauminger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0851-z","article-title":"Loneliness and social support in adolescent boys with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"40","author":"Lasgaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-3802.2010.01148.x","article-title":"Loneliness, friendship quality and the social networks of adolescents with high-functioning autism in an inclusive school setting","volume":"10","author":"Locke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Res. Spec. Educ. Needs"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.61.4.451","article-title":"Boys with developmental coordination disorder: Loneliness and team sports participation","volume":"61","author":"Poulsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther. Off. Publ. Am. Occup. Ther. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2008.02.004","article-title":"Loneliness and life satisfaction of boys with developmental coordination disorder: The impact of leisure participation and perceived freedom in leisure","volume":"27","author":"Poulsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219415620569","article-title":"Perceived Close Relationships With Parents, Teachers, and Peers: Predictors of Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Features in Adolescents With LD or Comorbid LD and ADHD","volume":"49","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozulin, A., Gindis, B., Miller, S.M., and Ageyev, V.S. (2003). Development Through the Lifespan. Vygotsky\u2019s Educational Theory in Cultural Context, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511840975"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.102.3.357","article-title":"Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk?","volume":"102","author":"Parker","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rieber, R.W., and Carton, A.S. (1993). The Collected Works of L.S. Vygotsky: The Fundamentals of Defectology (Abnormal Psychology and Learning Disabilities), Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2806-7"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1159\/000441651","article-title":"Loneliness and Health in Older Adults: A Mini-Review and Synthesis","volume":"62","author":"Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters, M.D.J., Godfrey, C.M., Khalil, H., McInerney, P., Parker, D., and Soares, C.B. (2015). Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. Int. J. Evid.-Based Healthc., 13.","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000050"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2011.01662.x","article-title":"Reviewing studies with diverse designs: The development and evaluation of a new tool","volume":"18","author":"Sirriyeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eval. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1177\/0143034316649231","article-title":"Academic achievements, behavioral problems, and loneliness as predictors of social skills among students with and without learning disorders","volume":"37","author":"Zach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sch. Psychol. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009626828789","article-title":"Students with learning disabilities and low-achieving students: Peer acceptance, loneliness, self-esteem, and depression","volume":"3","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Educ. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Self-Efficacy, Loneliness, Effort, and Hope: Developmental Differences in the Experiences of Students with Learning Disabilities and Their Non-Learning Disabled Peers at Two Age Groups","volume":"6","author":"Lackaye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Learn. Disabil. A Contemp. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219412439608","article-title":"Socioemotional self-perceptions, family climate, and hopeful thinking among students with learning disabilities and typically achieving students from the same classes","volume":"47","author":"Idan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Becker, S.P. (2015). Social Information Processing, Comorbid Mental Health Symptoms, and Peer Isolation among Children with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder, ProQuest Information & Learning; Miami University."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.2307\/1130015","article-title":"Loneliness in Children","volume":"55","author":"Asher","year":"1984","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361318775541","article-title":"Relations among activity participation, friendship, and internalizing problems in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"23","author":"Dovgan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0713-8","article-title":"Anxiety, social deficits, and loneliness in youth with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"39","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2008.03.004","article-title":"Friendship, loneliness and depression in adolescents with Asperger\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Whitehouse","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1709","article-title":"Social participation and its relation to internalizing symptoms among youth with autism spectrum disorder as they transition from high school","volume":"10","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22759","article-title":"Risk and protective factors underlying depression and suicidal ideation in Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"35","author":"Hedley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Tillinger, M. (2014). The Influence of Friends and Family on Well-Being for Children and Adolescents with Developmental Disabilities, ProQuest Information & Learning; Boston College."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5834.00153","article-title":"The Early Intervention Collaborative Study: Study Design and Methodology","volume":"66","author":"Warfield","year":"2001","journal-title":"Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"709","article-title":"Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Children\u2019s Loneliness Scale for Students with and without Special Needs in Inclusive Classrooms","volume":"15","author":"Tekinarslan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kuram Uygul. Egit. Bilimleri"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.32.6.1008","article-title":"The Child Behavior Scale: A teacher-report measure of young children\u2019s aggressive, withdrawn, and prosocial behaviors","volume":"32","author":"Ladd","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016205","article-title":"The Child Behavior Scale (CBS) revisited: A longitudinal evaluation of CBS subscales with children, preadolescents, and adolescents","volume":"21","author":"Ladd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Achenbach, T.M., and Rescorla, L. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles: An Integrated System of Multi-Informant Assessment, ASEBA."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"331","article-title":"Normative data and psychometric properties of the child behavior checklist and teacher rating form in an Iranian community sample","volume":"21","author":"Shahrivar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.1990.9.2.214","article-title":"Loneliness and social exclusion","volume":"9","author":"Jones","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Soc. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.1990.9.2.221","article-title":"Responses to social exclusion\u2014Social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem","volume":"9","author":"Leary","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Soc. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361312474121","article-title":"Loneliness, friendship, and well-being in adults with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"18","author":"Mazurek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70248-2","article-title":"Suicidal ideation and suicide plans or attempts in adults with Asperger\u2019s syndrome attending a specialist diagnostic clinic: A clinical cohort study","volume":"1","author":"Cassidy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-010-9442-x","article-title":"Loneliness, depressive symptomatology, and suicide ideation in adolescence: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses","volume":"39","author":"Lasgaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loades, M.E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., Reynolds, S., Shafran, R., Brigden, A., Linney, C., McManus, M.N., Borwick, C., and Crawley, E. (2020). Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.05.009"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.11.022","article-title":"Suicidal thoughts and behaviors and social isolation: A narrative review of the literature","volume":"245","author":"Calati","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"2004","article-title":"Children\u2019s Peer Relationships: Longitudinal Prediction of Internalizing and Externalizing Problems from Middle to Late Childhood","volume":"61","author":"Hymel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marryat, L., Thompson, L., Minnis, H., and Wilson, P. (2014). Associations between social isolation, pro-social behaviour and emotional development in preschool aged children: A population based survey of kindergarten staff. BMC Psychol., 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-014-0044-1"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-010-9561-2","article-title":"Latino adolescents\u2019 loneliness, academic performance, and the buffering nature of friendships","volume":"40","author":"Benner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.01.750","article-title":"Depression and loneliness did not affect academic achievement among university students","volume":"41","author":"Faraji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/10883576020170020401","article-title":"Asperger Syndrome and Academic Achievement","volume":"17","author":"Griswold","year":"2002","journal-title":"Focus Autism Other Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1348\/000709903322591244","article-title":"Academic attainments of children with Down\u2019s syndrome: A longitudinal study","volume":"73","author":"Turner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2007.01038.x","article-title":"Predictors of academic attainments of young people with Down\u2019s syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Turner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-018-0149-1","article-title":"Virtual Environments for Assessment of Social Exclusion in Autism: A Systematic Review","volume":"5","author":"Venturini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Pracana, C. (2014). Ostracism effects in children and adults with high functioning autism. International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends Proceedings (InPact), World Institute for Advanced Research and Science."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2015.17.2\/tchandrasekhar","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of depression in autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan","volume":"17","author":"Chandrasekhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3504-2","article-title":"Exploring the effectiveness of a peer-mediated model of the PEERS curriculum: A pilot randomized control trial","volume":"48","author":"Matthews","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.12.008","article-title":"Social isolation and mental health at primary and secondary school entry: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"54","author":"Matthews","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-0797-2","article-title":"Loneliness and social support in adolescent boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a special education setting","volume":"26","author":"Elmose","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/10\/11\/786\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:29:46Z","timestamp":1760178586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/10\/11\/786"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci10110786"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci10110786","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]}}}