{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:18:39Z","timestamp":1790810319008,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developmental language disorder (DLD) is frequently associated with other developmental diseases and may lead to a handicap through adolescence or adulthood. The aim of our retrospective study was to characterize DLD subgroups, their etiological factors and clinical comorbidities, and the role of epileptiform discharges in wake and sleep recordings. Fifty-five children (42 male, mean age 6.2 \u00b1 1.4 years, range 4\u20139 years) were included in the present study and underwent phoniatric, psychologic, neurologic, as well as wake and nocturnal electroencephalography (EEG) or polysomnography (PSG) examinations. A receptive form of DLD was determined in 34 children (63.0%), and an expressive form was found in 20 children (37.0%). Poor cooperation in one child did not permit exact classification. DLD children with the receptive form had significantly lower mean phonemic hearing (79.1% \u00b1 10.9) in comparison with those with the expressive form (89.7% \u00b1 6.2, p &lt; 0.001). A high amount of perinatal risk factors was found in both groups (50.9%) as well as comorbid developmental diseases. Developmental motor coordination disorder was diagnosed in 33 children (61.1%), and attention deficit or hyperactivity disorder was diagnosed in 39 children (70.9%). Almost one half of DLD children (49.1%) showed abnormalities on the wake EEG; epileptiform discharges were found in 20 children (36.4%). Nocturnal EEG and PSG recordings showed enhanced epileptiform discharges, and they were found in 30 children (55.6%, p = 0.01). The wake EEG showed focal discharges predominantly in the temporal or temporo-parieto-occipital regions bilaterally, while in the sleep recordings, focal activity was shifted to the fronto-temporo-central areas (p &lt; 0.001). Almost all epileptiform discharges appeared in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. A close connection was found between DLD and perinatal risk factors, as well as neurodevelopmental disorders. Epileptiform discharges showed an enhancement in nocturnal sleep, and the distribution of focal discharges changed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10120910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T09:04:15Z","timestamp":1606381455000},"page":"910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Developmental Language Disorder: Wake and Sleep Epileptiform Discharges and Co-morbid Neurodevelopmental Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Olga","family":"Dlouha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phoniatrics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Hospital, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iva","family":"Prihodova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Sciences, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Hospital, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Skibova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Statistics, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14000 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sona","family":"Nevsimalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Sciences, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Hospital, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-018-0222-7","article-title":"Understanding developmental language disorder the Helsinki longitudinal SLI study (HelSLI): A study protocol","volume":"6","author":"Laasonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bishop, D.V.M. (1999). Uncommon Understanding, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"133","article-title":"How does the brain learn language? Insights from the study of children with and without language impairment","volume":"42","author":"Bishop","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2013.783113","article-title":"Language growth and genetics of specific language impairment","volume":"15","author":"Rice","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Speech Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/07-0116)","article-title":"Complex sentence comprehensionand working memoryin children with specific language impairment","volume":"52","author":"Montgomery","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/07-0150)","article-title":"Short-term memory (STM) constraints in children with SLI: Are there differences between receptive and expressive SLI?","volume":"52","author":"Nickisch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5245.81","article-title":"Language comprehension in language-learning impaired children improved with acoustically modified speech","volume":"271","author":"Tallal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"126","article-title":"Developmental dysphasia: Clinical importance and underlying neurological causes","volume":"53","author":"Njiokiktjien","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Paedopsychiatr. (Ger.)"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Chermak, G.D., and Musiek, F. (1997). Central Auditory Processing Disorders, Singular Publishing Group, Inc.. (New perspectives)."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ferre, J.M. (2001). Understanding children\u00b4s central auditory disorders. Abstracts, 25th World Cogress of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, S Karger Ag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2010\/09-0167)","article-title":"Communication, listening, cognitive and speech perception skills in children with auditory processing disorder (APD) or specific language impairment (SLI)","volume":"54","author":"Fergusson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12614","article-title":"Children with specific language impairment are more likely to reach motor milestones late","volume":"44","author":"Diepeveen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-L-15-0088","article-title":"Markers, models, and measurement error: Exploring the link between attention deficits and language impairments","volume":"59","author":"Redmond","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1995.tb11932.x","article-title":"Genetic basis of specific language impairment: Evidence from a twin study","volume":"37","author":"Bishop","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2012.01.016","article-title":"Defining the genetic architecture of human developmental language impairment","volume":"90","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2011.10.006","article-title":"Co-localization of abnormal brain structure and function in specific language impairment","volume":"120","author":"Badcock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2005.11.014","article-title":"Role of interictal epileptiform abnormalities in cognitive impairment","volume":"8","author":"Holmes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2014.0686","article-title":"What is more harmful, seizure or epileptic EEG abnormalities? Is there any clinical data?","volume":"16","author":"Holmes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2010.10.014","article-title":"Association between frequency of nocturnal epilepsy and language disturbance in children","volume":"44","author":"Overvliet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-L-17-0087","article-title":"The value of electroencephalogram in assessung children with speech and language impairments","volume":"62","author":"Systad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear Res."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Skodova, E., Michek, F., and Moravcova, M. (1995). Evaluation of Fonemic Hearing in Pre-School Children, Realia. (In Czech)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Dlouha, O. (2017). Developmental Speech-language Disorders, Galen. (In Czech)."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2014.05.007","article-title":"Beyond standard polysomnography: Advances and indications for use of extended 10\u201320 EEG montage during laboratory sleep study evaluation","volume":"23","author":"Bubrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Bishop, D.V.M. (2001). Uncommon Understanding. Development and Disorders of Language Comprehension in Children, Reprinted Hove, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/10888430903242068","article-title":"Dyslexia and specific language impairment: The role of phonology and auditory processing","volume":"14","author":"Fraser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-303569","article-title":"Diagnosing developmental coordination disorders","volume":"99","author":"Kirby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, R., Chieregato, S., Bari, S., Castaldo, R., Rutto, F., Chiocchetti, A., and Dianzani, U. (2020). Autism in adulthood: Clinical and demographic characteristics of a cohort of five hundred persons with autism analyzed by a novel multistep network model. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10070416"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"53","article-title":"ADHD: Linguistic abilities and EEG findings compared to specific language impairment","volume":"12","author":"Kaddah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Ear Nose Throat Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e565","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13220","article-title":"Does inattention and hyperactivity moderate the relation between speed of processing and language skills?","volume":"90","author":"Gooch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(12)80233-6","article-title":"Epileptic electroencephalographic abnormalities and developmental dysphasias: A study of 32 patients","volume":"14","author":"Echenne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.4.560","article-title":"Regression in pervasive developmental disorders: Seizures and epileptiform electroencephalogram correlates","volume":"99","author":"Tuchman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-424X(09)70170-9","article-title":"EEG changes and epilepsy in developmental dysphasia","volume":"53","author":"Ambler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15424.x","article-title":"Sleep EEG and developmental dysphasia","volume":"40","author":"Picard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00584-2","article-title":"Cognitive impairment during epileptiform discharges. Is it ever justifiable to treat the EEG?","volume":"2","author":"Binnie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"53","article-title":"Impact of focal interictal epileptiform discharges on behaviour and cognition in children","volume":"42","author":"Urbain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2014.958438","article-title":"Cognitive and electrophysiological characteristics of children with specific language impairment and subclinical epileptiform electroencephalogram","volume":"36","author":"Nenadovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Experneuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02213.x","article-title":"Specific language impairment versus Landau-Kleffner syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Billard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.09.015","article-title":"Nocturnal epileptiform EEG discharges, nocturnal epileptic seizures, and language impairments in children: Review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Overvliet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"318","article-title":"Abnormal electroencephalography results and specific language impairment: Towards a theoretical neurodevelopmental model?","volume":"38","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2012","journal-title":"L\u00b4Enc\u00e9phale"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"CC04","article-title":"EEG abnormalities in children with speech and language impairment","volume":"9","author":"Mehta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"205","article-title":"Sleep and memory consolidation","volume":"1","author":"Chokroverty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Disorders Medicine. Basic Science, Technical Considerations and Clinical Aspects"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/35097076","article-title":"A forkhead-domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder","volume":"413","author":"Lai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2009.03.002","article-title":"FOXP2 as a molecular window into speech and language","volume":"25","author":"Fisher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Genet."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/10\/12\/910\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:37:45Z","timestamp":1760179065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/10\/12\/910"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci10120910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci10120910","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]}}}