{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:13:44Z","timestamp":1790432024735,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Fund","award":["DN05\/14-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DN05\/14-2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developmental dyslexia is a cognitive disorder characterized by difficulties in linguistic processing. Our purpose is to distinguish subtypes of developmental dyslexia by the level of speech\u2013EEG frequency entrainment (\u03b4: 1\u20134; \u03b2: 12.5\u201322.5; \u03b31: 25\u201335; and \u03b32: 35\u201380 Hz) in word\/pseudoword auditory discrimination. Depending on the type of disabilities, dyslexics can divide into two subtypes\u2014with less pronounced phonological deficits (NoPhoDys\u2014visual dyslexia) and with more pronounced ones (PhoDys\u2014phonological dyslexia). For correctly recognized stimuli, the \u03b4-entrainment is significantly worse in dyslexic children compared to controls at a level of speech prosody and syllabic analysis. Controls and NoPhoDys show a stronger \u03b4-entrainment in the left-hemispheric auditory cortex (AC), anterior temporal lobe (ATL), frontal, and motor cortices than PhoDys. Dyslexic subgroups concerning normolexics have a deficit of \u03b4-entrainment in the left ATL, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and the right AC. PhoDys has higher \u03b4-entrainment in the posterior part of adjacent STS regions than NoPhoDys. Insufficient low-frequency \u03b2 changes over the IFG, the inferior parietal lobe of PhoDys compared to NoPhoDys correspond to their worse phonological short-term memory. Left-dominant 30 Hz-entrainment for normolexics to phonemic frequencies characterizes the right AC, adjacent regions to superior temporal sulcus of dyslexics. The pronounced 40 Hz-entrainment in PhoDys than the other groups suggest a hearing \u201creassembly\u201d and a poor phonological working memory. Shifting up to higher-frequency \u03b3-entrainment in the AC of NoPhoDys can lead to verbal memory deficits. Different patterns of cortical reorganization based on the left or right hemisphere lead to differential dyslexic profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10120920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]],"date-time":"2020-11-29T21:00:57Z","timestamp":1606683657000},"page":"920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Speech\u2013Brain Frequency Entrainment of Dyslexia with and without Phonological Deficits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0253-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"Dushanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yordanka","family":"Lalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Population and Human Studies, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoaneta","family":"Kalonkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Speech Therapy, Ministry of Education and Science, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Tsokov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x","article-title":"Specific reading disability (dyslexia): What have we learned in the past four decades?","volume":"45","author":"Vellutino","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.03.010","article-title":"Distinct neural signatures of cognitive subtypes of dyslexia with and without phonological deficits","volume":"2","author":"Grande","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.204","article-title":"DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud","volume":"108","author":"Coltheart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(93)90003-E","article-title":"Varieties of developmental dyslexia","volume":"47","author":"Castles","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1983.tb01851.x","article-title":"Phonological processes in reading: New evidence from acquired dyslexia","volume":"74","author":"Funnell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2407(08)60300-6","article-title":"The development of reading","volume":"Volume 24","author":"Reese","year":"1993","journal-title":"Advances in Child Development and Behavior"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37753-7","article-title":"Magnocellular Based Visual Motion Training Improves Reading in Persian","volume":"9","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(92)90096-5","article-title":"Deterioration of word meaning: Implications for reading","volume":"30","author":"Patterson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70266-1","article-title":"Semantic dementia: A unique clinicopathological syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Hodges","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2004.08.017","article-title":"Adults with dyslexia demonstrate space-based and object-based covert attention deficits: Shifting attention to the periphery and shifting attention between objects in the left visual field","volume":"57","author":"Buchholz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Cognit."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.05.009","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: The visual attention span deficit hypothesis","volume":"104","author":"Bosse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Baciu, M. (2008). Visual attention span brain mechanisms in normal and dyslexic readers. Neuropsychology and Cognition of Language: Behavioural, Neuropsychological and Neuroimaging Studies of Oral and Written Language, Research Signpost."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Fuchs, S., Loevenbruck, H., Pape, D., and Perrier, P. (2009). The neurobiological correlates of developmental dyslexia. Some Aspects of Speech and the Brain, Peter Lang Verlag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.11.002","article-title":"Fractionating the multi-character processing deficit in developmental dyslexia: Evidence from two case studies","volume":"46","author":"Dubois","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)01005-3","article-title":"To see but not to read; the magnocellular theory of dyslexia","volume":"20","author":"Stein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.02.009","article-title":"Visual attention and neural oscillations in reading and dyslexia: Are they possible targets for remediation?","volume":"130","author":"Vidyasagar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2008-1674","article-title":"Cognitive subtypes of dyslexia","volume":"68","author":"Heim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tine.2012.09.001","article-title":"Fingerprints of developmental dyslexia","volume":"1","author":"Heim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1162\/089892904323057272","article-title":"Two Visual Motion Processing Deficits in Developmental Dyslexia Associated with Different Reading Skills Deficits","volume":"16","author":"Wilmer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-014-0030-6","article-title":"Dyslexia: The Role of Vision and Visual Attention","volume":"1","author":"Stein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Disord. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stein, J.F. (2018). What is Developmental Dyslexia?. Brain Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201801.0109.v1"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"247","article-title":"Vision and visual attention of children with developmental dyslexia","volume":"21","author":"Lalova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00199-5","article-title":"Magnocellular visual function and children\u2019s single word reading","volume":"38","author":"Cornelissen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(02)00148-9","article-title":"See more: The role of visuospatial attention in developmental dyslexia: Evidence from a rehabilitation study","volume":"15","author":"Facoetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cognit. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(03)00044-7","article-title":"Selective magnocellular deficits in dyslexia: A \u201cphantom contour\u201d study","volume":"41","author":"Sperling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2004.03.002","article-title":"An evolving view of duplex vision: Separate but interacting cortical pathways for perception and action","volume":"14","author":"Goodale","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2012.06.004","article-title":"The cortical organization of speech processing: Feedback control and predictive coding the context of a dual-stream model","volume":"45","author":"Hickok","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00343-4","article-title":"Evaluation of teh dual route theory of reading: A metanalysis of 35 neuroimaging studies","volume":"20","author":"Jobard","year":"2003","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321208196","article-title":"Neuroimaging Studies of Word and Pseudoword Reading: Consistencies, Inconsistencies, and Limitations","volume":"15","author":"Mechelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.3.415","article-title":"The Double-Deficit Hypothesis for the Developmental Dyslexia","volume":"91","author":"Wolf","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244333","article-title":"Intact But Less Accessible Phonetic Representations in Adults with Dyslexia","volume":"342","author":"Boets","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2010.06.004","article-title":"A dual-route perspective on poor reading in a regular orthography: An fMRI study","volume":"46","author":"Wimmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01684.x","article-title":"Deficient orthographic and phonological representations in children with dyslexia revealed by brain activation patterns","volume":"47","author":"Cao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02236-4","article-title":"Phonological processing in dyslexic children: A study combining functional imaging and event related potentials","volume":"318","author":"Georgiewa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.409","article-title":"Interaction of phonological awareness and \u2018magnocellular\u2019 processing during normal and dyslexic reading: Behavioural and fMRI investigations","volume":"16","author":"Heim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008950108","article-title":"Neural systems predicting long-term outcome in dyslexia","volume":"108","author":"Hoeft","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.12.023","article-title":"Audiovisual perception of natural speech is impaired in adult dyslexics: An ERP study","volume":"287","author":"Gerth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7686","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5242-08.2009","article-title":"Abnormal cortical processing of the syllable rate of speech in poor readers","volume":"29","author":"Abrams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.11.002","article-title":"Altered Low-Gamma Sampling in Auditory Cortex Accounts for the Three Main Facets of Dyslexia","volume":"72","author":"Lehongre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31822c26b9","article-title":"Auditory Steady State Cortical Responses Indicate Deviant Phonemic-Rate Processing in Adults with Dyslexia","volume":"33","author":"Poelmans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4986","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22986","article-title":"Developmental evaluation of atypical auditory sampling in dyslexia: Functional and structural evidence","volume":"36","author":"Lizarazu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00360","article-title":"Neural Entrainment and Sensorimotor Synchronization to the Beat in Children with Developmental Dyslexia: An EEG Study","volume":"11","author":"Saribay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3063","article-title":"Cortical oscillations and speech processing: Emerging computational principles and operations","volume":"15","author":"Giraud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.07.005","article-title":"The neuroanatomic and neurophysiological infrastructure for speech and language","volume":"28","author":"Poeppel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.09.038","article-title":"Endogenous Cortical Rhythms Determine Cerebral Specialization for Speech Perception and Production","volume":"56","author":"Giraud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1159\/000208934","article-title":"On the Possible Role of Brain Rhythms in Speech Perception: Intelligibility of Time-Compressed Speech with Periodic and Aperiodic Insertions of Silence","volume":"66","author":"Ghitza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18688","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007189107","article-title":"Neurophysiological origin of human brain asymmetry for speech and language","volume":"107","author":"Morillon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2016.06.006","article-title":"Neural encoding of the speech envelope by children with developmental dyslexia","volume":"160","author":"Power","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.10.001","article-title":"A temporal sampling framework for developmental dyslexia","volume":"15","author":"Goswami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cognit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu103","article-title":"Delta\u2013Beta Coupled Oscillations Underlie Temporal Prediction Accuracy","volume":"25","author":"Arnal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi031","article-title":"Auditory Evoked Potential Patterns to Voiced and Voiceless Speech Sounds in Adult Developmental Dyslexics with Persistent Deficits","volume":"15","author":"Giraud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb22957.x","article-title":"Neurobiological Basis of Speech: A Case for the Preeminence of Temporal Processing","volume":"682","author":"Tallal","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10803","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0828-11.2011","article-title":"Neural Oscillations Associated with Item and Temporal Order Maintenance in Working Memory","volume":"31","author":"Hsieh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.05.007","article-title":"A longitudinal study investigating neural processing of speech envelope modulation rates in children with (a family risk for) dyslexia","volume":"93","author":"Vanvooren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23206","article-title":"Out-of-synchrony speech entrainment in developmental dyslexia","volume":"37","author":"Molinaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross, J., Hoogenboom, N., Thut, G., Schyns, P., Panzeri, S., Belin, P., and Garrod, S. (2013). Speech Rhythms and Multiplexed Oscillatory Sensory Coding in the Human Brain. PLoS Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001752"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Bogorov, I. (2005). Protocol on Neurological and Neuropsychological Studies of Children with Specific Learning Disabilities. The \u201cIntegrated Learning and Resource Teacher\u201d Journal, Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Sartori, G., Remo, J., and Tressoldi, P.E. (2007). DDE-2, Battery for the Developmental Dyslexia and Evolutionary Disorders-2, Giunti O.S.. 1995, updated and revised edition for the evaluation of dyslexia."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Matanova, V., and Todorova, E. (2013). DDE-2 Test Battery for Evaluation of Dyslexia of Development\u2014Bulgarian Adaptation, OS Bulgaria Ltd."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Iossifova, R. (2016). Normative Indicators for the Test Battery for a Written Speech Assessment, Rommel Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Raven, J. (1981). Research supplement No.1: The 1979 British standardisation of the standard progressive matrices and Mill Hill vocabulary scales, together with comparative data from earlier studies in the UK, US, Canada, Germany and Ireland. Manual for Raven\u2019s Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales, Harcourt Assessment."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1970.tb01248.x","article-title":"A Classification of hand preference by association analysis","volume":"61","author":"Annett","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Nikolova, T. (1987). Frequency Dictionary of the Bulgarian Conversational Language, Science and Art. Available online: https:\/\/miryan.org\/glotta\/cvetanka_nikolova_rechnik.html."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00941","article-title":"The Influence of EEG References on the Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Interrelation Patterns","volume":"13","author":"Escalona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Kay, S.M. (1988). Modern Spectral Estimation, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Rabiner, L.R., and Gold, B. (1975). Theory and Application of Digital Signal Processing, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/TAU.1967.1161901","article-title":"The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms","volume":"15","author":"Welch","year":"1967","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176348787","article-title":"A Rank Statistics Approach to the Consistency of a General Bootstrap","volume":"20","author":"Mason","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.03.014","article-title":"A case study of developmental phonological dyslexia: Is the attentional deficit in the perception of rapid stimuli sequences amodal?","volume":"46","author":"Lallier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.02.006","article-title":"Automated cortical projection of EEG sensors: Anatomical correlation via the international 10\u201310 system","volume":"46","author":"Koessler","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2014.04.020","article-title":"Algorithm to find high density EEG scalp coordinates and analysis of their correspondence to structural and functional regions of the brain","volume":"229","author":"Giacometti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970414)380:3<319::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Development of Cat-301 immunoreactivity in auditory brainstem nuclei of the gerbil","volume":"380","author":"Lurie","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2113","article-title":"The cortical organization of speech processing","volume":"8","author":"Hickok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5884","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0896-05.2005","article-title":"Perceptual Fusion and Stimulus Coincidence in the Cross-Modal Integration of Speech","volume":"25","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leong, V.V., and Goswami, U.C. (2015). Acoustic-Emergent Phonology in the Amplitude Envelope of Child-Directed Speech. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144411"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2003.09.005","article-title":"Temporal properties of spontaneous speech\u2014A syllable-centric perspective","volume":"31","author":"Greenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4021","article-title":"The cortical analysis of speech-specific temporal structure revealed by responses to sound quilts","volume":"18","author":"Overath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4064","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2214-13.2014","article-title":"Attention fine-tunes auditory-motor processing of speech sounds","volume":"34","author":"Watkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.06.004","article-title":"Phase Patterns of Neuronal Responses Reliably Discriminate Speech in Human Auditory Cortex","volume":"54","author":"Luo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00263.2005","article-title":"An Oscillatory Hierarchy Controlling Neuronal Excitability and Stimulus Processing in the Auditory Cortex","volume":"94","author":"Lakatos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810063106","article-title":"Somatosensory function in speech perception","volume":"106","author":"Ito","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2641","article-title":"Categorical speech representation in human superior temporal gyrus","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.12.001","article-title":"Sensory neural codes using multiplexed temporal scales","volume":"33","author":"Panzeri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(98)70320-3","article-title":"Sensitivity to dynamic auditory and visual stimuli predicts nonword reading ability in both dyslexic and normal readers","volume":"8","author":"Witton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/10\/12\/920\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:39:05Z","timestamp":1760179145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/10\/12\/920"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci10120920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci10120920","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]}}}