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Although ASD pathophysiology is still uncertain, alterations in the abnormal development of the frontal lobe, limbic areas, and putamen generate an imbalance between inhibition and excitation of neuronal activity. Interestingly, recent findings suggest that a disruption in neuronal connectivity is associated with neural alterations in white matter production and myelination in diverse brain regions of patients with ASD. This review is aimed to summarize the most recent evidence that supports the notion that abnormalities in the oligodendrocyte generation and axonal myelination in specific brain regions are involved in the pathophysiology of ASD. Fundamental molecular mediators of these pathological processes are also examined. Determining the role of alterations in oligodendrogenesis and myelination is a fundamental step to understand the pathophysiology of ASD and identify possible therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10120951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T20:27:15Z","timestamp":1607459235000},"page":"951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Role of Oligodendrocytes and Myelin in the Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7979-9086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alma Y.","family":"Galvez-Contreras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8211-5757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Zarate-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"},{"name":"Physiological Sciences PhD Program, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana L.","family":"Torres-Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"},{"name":"Physiological Sciences PhD Program, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6527-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Gonzalez-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2013.02.005","article-title":"The neurobiology of autism spectrum disorders","volume":"29","author":"Parellada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. 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