{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:22:18Z","timestamp":1789672938994,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]],"date-time":"2021-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shire International GmbH","award":["IIR-USA-000881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIR-USA-000881"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attention deficits are among the most common and persistent impairments resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study was the first to examine the effects of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX, Vyvanse) in treating TBI-related attention deficits in children. It was an extension of a previous controlled trial with adults. This was a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-titration, crossover trial. In addition to weekly safety monitoring, there were assessments on a broad range of neuropsychological and behavioral measures at baseline, 6-weeks, and 12-weeks. A total of 20 carefully selected children were enrolled, ranging from 10 to 16 years of age. The sample consisted of cases with mainly mild TBI (based on the known details regarding their injuries), but they had persisting attention deficits and other post-concussion symptoms lasting from 2 to 29 months by the time of enrollment. A total of 16 children completed the trial. One of the children withdrew due to a mild anxiety reaction while on LDX. There were no other adverse effects. Positive treatment results were found on both formal testing of sustained attention and in terms of parent ratings of attention, emotional status, behavioral controls, and various aspects of executive functioning. The findings also served to highlight broader insights into the nature of attention deficits and their treatment in children with TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T05:17:34Z","timestamp":1610947054000},"page":"117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Attention Deficits in Children: A Controlled Treatment Trial with Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate (Vyvanse)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Tramontana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, The Village at Vanderbilt, Suite 2200, 1500 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan W.","family":"Prokop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, The Village at Vanderbilt, Suite 2200, 1500 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, The Village at Vanderbilt, Suite 2200, 1500 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0149-5004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara","family":"Duffie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, The Village at Vanderbilt, Suite 2200, 1500 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayden","family":"LaFever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, The Village at Vanderbilt, Suite 2200, 1500 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/01.DBP.0000267559.26576.cd","article-title":"Symptoms of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder following traumatic brain injury in children","volume":"28","author":"Levin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2011.589794","article-title":"Attentional skills post pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI)","volume":"25","author":"Catroppa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000159947.50523.64","article-title":"Long-Term attention problems in children with traumatic brain injury","volume":"44","author":"Yeates","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01109051","article-title":"Analysis of the elements of attention: A neuropsychological approach","volume":"2","author":"Mirsky","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09084280802636371","article-title":"Structure of attention in children with traumatic brain injury","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1080\/13803391003596488","article-title":"Attention processing abnormalities in children with traumatic brain injury and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Differential impairment of component processes","volume":"32","author":"Thaler","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617708080545","article-title":"Long-term neural processing of attention following early childhood traumatic brain injury: fMRI and neurobehavioral outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Kramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2007.16","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging of methylphenidate and placebo in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder during the multi-source interference task","volume":"65","author":"Bush","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"119","article-title":"Targeting dopamine in acute traumatic brain injury","volume":"2","author":"Bales","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Drug Discov. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.930179","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury-related attention deficits: Treatment outcomes with lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (Vyvanse)","volume":"28","author":"Tramontana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1337","article-title":"Nonfatal traumatic brain injuries related to sports and recreational activities among persons aged < 19 years\u2013United States, 2001\u20132009. Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"60","author":"Gilcrest","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3109\/17518429709060937","article-title":"The use of methylphenidate in pediatric traumatic brain injury","volume":"1","author":"Hornyak","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1159\/000028705","article-title":"Psychopharmacologic treatment of acquired attention disorders in children with brain injury","volume":"29","author":"Mahalick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-199806000-00007","article-title":"Recovery from pediatric brain injury: Is psychostimulant medication beneficial?","volume":"13","author":"Williams","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-54","article-title":"Aggregated n-of-1 trials of central nervous system stimulants versus placebo for pediatric traumatic brain injury\u2013A pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Nikles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617719000444","article-title":"Influence of Methylphenidate on long-term neuropsychological and everyday executive functioning after traumatic brain injury in children with secondary attention problems","volume":"25","author":"Leblond","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Sherman, E., Tan, J., and Hrabok, M. (2020). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Fundamentals of Neuropsychological Assessment and Test Reviews for Clinical Practice, Oxford University Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-005-2051-1","article-title":"Effect of stimulants on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in children with ADHD: A double-blind, randomized, cross-over trial","volume":"21","author":"Samuels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"24","article-title":"Effects of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate treatment for ADHD on growth","volume":"49","author":"Faraone","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617719000468","article-title":"Effects of concussion in adolescent students: Perceptions and performance","volume":"25","author":"Rieger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000208","article-title":"Observed parent behaviors as time-varying moderators of problem behaviors following traumatic brain injury in young children","volume":"52","author":"Zang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"427","article-title":"Secondary attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents 5 to 10 years after traumatic brain injury","volume":"172","author":"Narad","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA (Pediatrics)"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/1\/117\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:12:01Z","timestamp":1760159521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/1\/117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci11010117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11010117","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]}}}