{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:59:20Z","timestamp":1792133960576,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus have an impact on the microstructural environment and cognitive functions of the brain due to its microvascular\/macrovascular complications. Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques can allow detection of brain volume reduction in people with diabetes. However, conventional MRI is insufficiently sensitive to quantify microstructural changes. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) has been used as a sensitive MRI-based technique for quantifying and assessing brain microstructural abnormalities in patients with diabetes. This systematic review aims to summarise the original research literature using DTI to quantify microstructural alterations in diabetes and the relation of such changes to cognitive status and metabolic profile. A total of thirty-eight published studies that demonstrate the impact of diabetes mellitus on brain microstructure using DTI are included, and these demonstrate that both type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus may affect cognitive abilities due to the alterations in brain microstructures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T11:13:53Z","timestamp":1611314033000},"page":"140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Investigating Brain Microstructural Alterations in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9132-4569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulmajeed","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"},{"name":"School of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Tench","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2033-1056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghadah","family":"Felmban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"},{"name":"School of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2697-2927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad","family":"Altokhis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"},{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Aldhebaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9523-2546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rob A.","family":"Dineen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham NG1 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2066-7585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cris S.","family":"Constantinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5897\/JPAP2013.0001","article-title":"The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"4","author":"Ozougwu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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