{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:35:02Z","timestamp":1787027702081,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Learning disabilities (LDs) have an estimated prevalence between 5% and 9% in the pediatric population and are associated with difficulties in reading, arithmetic, and writing. Previous electroencephalography (EEG) research has reported a lag in alpha-band development in specific LD phenotypes, which seems to offer a possible explanation for differences in EEG maturation. In this study, 40 adolescents aged 10\u201315 years with LDs underwent 10 sessions of Live Z-Score Training Neurofeedback (LZT-NF) Training to improve their cognition and behavior. Based on the individual alpha peak frequency (i-APF) values from the spectrogram, a group with normal i-APF (ni-APF) and a group with low i-APF (li-APF) were compared in a pre-and-post-LZT-NF intervention. There were no statistical differences in age, gender, or the distribution of LDs between the groups. The li-APF group showed a higher theta absolute power in P4 (p = 0.016) at baseline and higher Hi-Beta absolute power in F3 (p = 0.007) post-treatment compared with the ni-APF group. In both groups, extreme waves (absolute Z-score of \u22651.5) were more likely to move toward the normative values, with better results in the ni-APF group. Conversely, the waves within the normal range at baseline were more likely to move out of the range after treatment in the li-APF group. Our results provide evidence of a viable biomarker for identifying optimal responders for the LZT-NF technique based on the i-APF metric reflecting the patient\u2019s neurophysiological individuality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T05:23:05Z","timestamp":1611811385000},"page":"167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Individual Alpha Peak Frequency, an Important Biomarker for Live Z-Score Training Neurofeedback in Adolescents with Learning Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9606-3791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"P\u00e9rez-Elvira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychophysiology lab., NEPSA Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Neurol\u00f3gica, 37003 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Oltra-Cucarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Psychology, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Carrobles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological and Health Psychology Department, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minodora","family":"Teodoru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University from Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciprian","family":"Bacila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University from Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cDr. Gheorghe Preda\u201d Psychiatric Hospital of Sibiu, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2573-621X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Neamtu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University from Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Research Department (Ceforaten), Sibiu Pediatric Hospital, 550178 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Lucian Blaga University from Sibiu, 550025 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdalah, M.Q. (2018). Gender Difference in Learning Disabled Children Neuropsychological Review. Res. Rev. Healthc. Open Access J., 1.","DOI":"10.32474\/RRHOAJ.2018.01.000111"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Publishing. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosch-Bayard, J., Peluso, V., Galan, L., Valdes Sosa, P., and Chiarenza, G. (2018). Clinical and Electrophysiological Differences between Subjects with Dysphonetic Dyslexia and Non-Specific Reading Delay. Brain Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8090172"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Fernandez, T., Harmony, T., Bosch-Bayard, J., Prado-Alcal\u00e1, R., Otero-Ojeda, G., Garcia, F., Rodriguez, M.D.C., and Becerra, J. (2015). Optimization of the Neurofeedback protocol in children with Learning Disabilities and a lag in their EEG maturation. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 9."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiarenza, G.A. (2020). Quantitative EEG in Childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disabilities. Clin. EEG Neurosci., 155005942096234.","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059420962343"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/155005940203300405","article-title":"Sources of EEG activity in learning disabled children","volume":"33","author":"Harmony","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Electroencephalogr."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"273","article-title":"EEG power and coherence in children with educational problems","volume":"20","author":"Gasser","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. Publ. Am. Electroencephalogr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(90)90135-7","article-title":"Effect of sex, psychosocial disadvantages and biological risk factors on EEG maturation","volume":"75","author":"Harmony","year":"1990","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(83)90014-X","article-title":"Neurometric evaluation of cognitive dysfunctions and neurological disorders in children","volume":"21","author":"John","year":"1983","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roca-Stappung, M., Fern\u00e1ndez, T., Bosch-Bayard, J., Harmony, T., and Ricardo-Garcell, J. (2017). Electroencephalographic characterization of subgroups of children with learning disorders. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179556"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040600744839","article-title":"EEG Neurofeedback: A Brief Overview and an Example of Peak Alpha Frequency Training for Cognitive Enhancement in the Elderly","volume":"21","author":"Angelakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13645","article-title":"Peak alpha frequency is a neural marker of cognitive function across the autism spectrum","volume":"47","author":"Dickinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(98)00056-3","article-title":"EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: A review and analysis","volume":"29","author":"Klimesch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1300\/J184v05n03_05","article-title":"Quantitative EEG Evidence of Increased Alpha Peak Frequency in Children with Precocious Reading Ability","volume":"5","author":"Suldo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Demos, J.N. (2019). Getting Started with EEG Neurofeedback, W.W. Norton & Company. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blum, A.S., and Rutkove, S.B. (2007). The Clinical Neurophysiology Primer, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-271-7"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/10874208.2012.730786","article-title":"Alpha EEG Activity Depends on the Individual Dominant Rhythm Frequency","volume":"16","author":"Bazanova","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.12.003","article-title":"Neurophysiological predictors of non-response to rTMS in depression","volume":"5","author":"Arns","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.059","article-title":"Individual alpha peak frequency is related to latent factors of general cognitive abilities","volume":"79","author":"Grandy","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Niedermeyer, E., and Lopes da Silva, F.H. (2005). Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-015-9309-6","article-title":"Neurofeedback in Learning Disabled Children: Visual versus Auditory Reinforcement","volume":"41","author":"Harmony","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/10874208.2012.677664","article-title":"EEG-Based Personalized Medicine in ADHD: Individual Alpha Peak Frequency as an Endophenotype Associated with Nonresponse","volume":"16","author":"Arns","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clysa.2016.09.003","article-title":"Bio\/neurofeedback","volume":"27","author":"Carrobles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Salud"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-019-09439-x","article-title":"Z-Score neurofeedback and heart rate variability training for adults and children with symptoms of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: A retrospective study","volume":"44","author":"Groeneveld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.12.050","article-title":"Can We Predict Who Will Respond to Neurofeedback? A Review of the Inefficacy Problem and Existing Predictors for Successful EEG Neurofeedback Learning","volume":"378","author":"Alkoby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-008-0104-x","article-title":"Slow cortical potential neurofeedback in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Is there neurophysiological evidence for specific effects?","volume":"115","author":"Doehnert","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.10.092","article-title":"Visual discrimination performance is related to decreased alpha amplitude but increased phase locking","volume":"375","author":"Hanslmayr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01712768","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of EEG neurofeedback training for ADHD in a clinical setting as measured by changes in T.O.V.A. scores, behavioral ratings, and WISC-R performance","volume":"20","author":"Lubar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biofeedback Self-Regul."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-010-9142-x","article-title":"Predicting Successful Learning of SMR Neurofeedback in Healthy Participants: Methodological Considerations","volume":"36","author":"Weber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.08.078","article-title":"Neurofeedback training of the upper alpha frequency band in EEG improves cognitive performance","volume":"54","author":"Zoefel","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collura, T. (2014). Technical Foundations of Neurofeedback, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203795132"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collura, T. (2016). Handbook of Clinical QEEG and Neurotherapy, Routledge. [1st ed.]. Includes bibliographical references and index.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315754093"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/10874200903543963","article-title":"EEG biofeedback case studies using live Z-score training and a normative database","volume":"14","author":"Collura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Smith, M.L. (2008). A father finds a solution: Z-Score Training. NeuroConnections, 22\u201325. Available online: https:\/\/brainmaster.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/smith-nc.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Thatcher, R.W. (2016). Handbook of Quantitative Electroencephalography and EEG Biofeedback, Anipublishing Co.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5298\/1081-5937-47.4.04","article-title":"Z-Score EEG Biofeedback: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"47","author":"Thatcher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.15540\/nr.1.1.48","article-title":"When discussing neurofeedback, does modality matter?","volume":"1","author":"Krigbaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroRegulation"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-015-9274-0","article-title":"A methodology of analysis for monitoring treatment progression with 19-Channel Z-Score neurofeedback (19ZNF) in a single-subject design","volume":"40","author":"Krigbaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715577135","article-title":"Attention, executive function, behavior, and electrocortical function, significantly improved with 19-Channel Z -Score Neurofeedback in a Clinical Setting: A Pilot Study","volume":"23","author":"Wigton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75025-5_6","article-title":"The Neglected Problem of the Neurofeedback Learning (In) Ability","volume":"Volume 720","author":"Hunek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Burde, W., and Blankertz, B. (June, January 30). Is the locus of control of reinforcement a predictor of brain-computer interface performance?. Proceedings of the International Brain-Computer Interface Workshop and Training Course, Graz, Austria."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.1.94","article-title":"Behavioural treatment of slow cortical potentials in intractable epilepsy: Neuropsychological predictors of outcome","volume":"56","author":"Daum","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.09.015","article-title":"EEG-neurofeedback for optimising performance. I: A review of cognitive and affective outcome in healthy participants","volume":"44","author":"Gruzelier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-012-9204-3","article-title":"Is EEG-biofeedback an Effective Treatment in Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"38","author":"Kouijzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1989.tb01941.x","article-title":"Self-Report During Feedback Regulation of Slow Cortical Potentials","volume":"26","author":"Roberts","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.06.036","article-title":"Neurofeedback in children with ADHD: Specific event-related potential findings of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"122","author":"Wangler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-020-09460-5","article-title":"Self-regulation Strategies and Heart Rate Biofeedback Training","volume":"45","author":"Jafarova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.03.022","article-title":"Neurophysiological predictor of SMR-based BCI performance","volume":"51","author":"Blankertz","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"High gamma-power predicts performance in sensorimotor-rhythm brain\u2013computer interfaces","volume":"9","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/155005940904000209","article-title":"QEEG Studies in the Assessment and Treatment of Childhood Disorders","volume":"40","author":"Cantor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Holmes, G.L., Solomon, M., and Royden, J. (2006). Clinical Neurophysiology of Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence, Butterworth Heinemnn Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Ibor Ali\u00f1o, J.J., Vald\u00e9s Miyar, M., and American Psychiatric Association (2003). Manual Diagn\u00f3stico y Estad\u00edstico de los Trastornos Mentales, American Psychiatric Pub."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282906288389","article-title":"Test Review: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV)","volume":"24","author":"Kaufman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychoeduc. Assess."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Soutar, R.G. (2018). Holistic Neurointegration: The New Mind Model\u2014A Bio-Psycho-Social qEEG Guided Neurofeedback Method, New Mind Academy."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/10874208.2010.545758","article-title":"Z-Score Training, Combinatorics, and Phase Transitions","volume":"15","author":"Stoller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219635208001897","article-title":"EEG phenotipes predict treatment outcome to stimulants in children with ADHD","volume":"7","author":"Arns","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubin, D.I., and Daube, J.R. (2016). Clinical Neurophysiology, Oxford University Press. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780190259631.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Elvira, R., Oltra-Cucarella, J., and Carrobles, J.A. (2021). Effects of QEEG normalization using 4-Channel Live Z-Score Training Neurofeedback for children with learning disabilities: Preliminary data. Behav. Psychol, in press.","DOI":"10.51668\/bp.8321110n"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.15540\/nr.7.2.58","article-title":"Comparing Live Z-Score Training and Theta\/Beta Protocol to Reduce Theta-to-Beta Ratio: A Pilot Study","volume":"7","author":"Carrobles","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroRegulation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1992.25-491","article-title":"A comparison of two approaches for identifying reinforcers for persons with severe and profound disabilities","volume":"25","author":"Fisher","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Behav. Anal."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.04.001","article-title":"The role of context in the evaluation of reinforcer efficacy: Implications for the preference assessment outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Mangum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1996.29-1","article-title":"Using a choice assessment to predict reinforcer effectiveness","volume":"29","author":"Piazza","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Behav. Anal."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2012.09.005","article-title":"Individual brain-frequency responses to self-selected music","volume":"86","author":"Thomschewski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agresti, A. (2002). Categorical Data Analysis, Wiley-Interscience. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/0471249688"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Vittinghoff, E., Glidden, D.V., Shiboski, S.C., and McCulloch, C.E. (2005). Regression Methods in Biostatistics: Linear, Logistic, Survival, and Repeated Measures Models, Statistics for Biology and Health; Springer."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1016","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.287","article-title":"Theta and high-beta networks for feedback processing: A simultaneous EEG\u2013fMRI study in healthy male subjects","volume":"7","author":"Andreou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investigating the Efficacy of an Individualized Alpha\/Delta Neurofeedback Protocol in the Treatment of Chronic Tinnitus","volume":"2019","author":"Kleinjung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.07.005","article-title":"Potential differential effects of 9 Hz rTMS and 10 Hz rTMS in the treatment of depression","volume":"3","author":"Arns","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/10874208.2010.501517","article-title":"Individual EEG Alpha Activity Analysis for Enhancement Neurofeedback Efficiency: Two Case Studies","volume":"14","author":"Bazanova","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kropotov, J. (2009). Methods of Neurotherapy. Quantitative EEG, Event-Related Potentials and Neurotherapy, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374512-5.00023-2"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Kropotov, J. (2016). Functional Neuromarkers for Psychiatry, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1300\/J184v07n03_02","article-title":"Use of Databases in QEEG Evaluation","volume":"7","author":"Johnstone","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2018.07.375","article-title":"Neurometric results of a case series using Live Z-Scores neurofeedback","volume":"131","author":"Guarino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.15540\/nr.6.2.93","article-title":"Efficacy of Live Z-Score neurofeedback training for chronic insomnia: A single-case study","volume":"6","author":"Carrobles","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroRegulation"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-018-9410-8","article-title":"Comparison of the Effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation and Neurofeedback on Sustained Attention Among Elementary School Students with Specific Learning Disorder: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"43","author":"Azizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E30","DOI":"10.1017\/sjp.2016.31","article-title":"Effect of the Theta-Beta Neurofeedback Protocol as a Function of Subtype in Children Diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"19","author":"Alvarado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059412458262","article-title":"Neurofeedback Training Aimed to Improve Focused Attention and Alertness in Children With ADHD: A Study of Relative Power of EEG Rhythms Using Custom-Made Software Application","volume":"44","author":"Hillard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102301","article-title":"Predictors of neurofeedback training outcome: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Weber","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102399","article-title":"A multicenter effectiveness trial of QEEG-informed neurofeedback in ADHD: Replication and treatment prediction","volume":"28","author":"Krepel","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Briones, B.J., Fern\u00e1ndez-Harmony, T., Gar\u00f3falo G\u00f3mez, N., Biscay-Lirio, R.J., and Bosch-Bayard, J. (2020). Working Memory in Children with Learning Disorders: An EEG Power Spectrum Analysis. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10110817"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-009-9105-2","article-title":"Improvements in Spelling after QEEG-based Neurofeedback in Dyslexia: A Randomized Controlled Treatment Study","volume":"35","author":"Breteler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/10874208.2012.705769","article-title":"Cognitive Enhancement Using 19-Electrode Z -Score Neurofeedback","volume":"16","author":"Koberda","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/10874208.2013.847142","article-title":"Clinical perspectives of 19-Channel Z-Score neurofeedback: Benefits and limitations","volume":"17","author":"Wigton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk020","article-title":"Marginal Modeling of Nonnested Multilevel Data using Standard Software","volume":"165","author":"Miglioretti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.30577\/jba.2018.v1n1.10","article-title":"A Tutorial on GEE with Applications to Diabetes and Hypertension Data from a Complex Survey","volume":"1","author":"Akter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Anal."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/2\/167\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:16:33Z","timestamp":1760159793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/2\/167"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci11020167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11020167","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]}}}