{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:34:27Z","timestamp":1787027667186,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009157","name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90IF0096-01-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90IF0096-01-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Children with Down syndrome (DS) demonstrate substantial variability in communication and language outcomes. One potential source of variability in this skill area may be early regulatory function. Characterizing the early link between regulatory function and early social communication may benefit infants with DS at risk of difficulties with social communication and language skill acquisition. Forty-three infants with DS were assessed at two time points, six months apart. At Time 1, the average chronological age was 9.0 months (SD = 3.9) and caregivers completed the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R) to assess regulatory function. Six months later, caregivers rated infant communication at the second visit using the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Infant Toddler Checklist (CSBS-ITC). Infant developmental level was assessed at both visits using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition and caregivers reported on developmental history and biomedical comorbidities. Infant regulatory function at Time 1 predicted social communication outcomes at Time 2, six months later. Findings from this study suggest that elevated risk for pronounced communication challenges may be detectable as early as infancy in DS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T23:43:16Z","timestamp":1612914196000},"page":"208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Early Regulatory Skills and Social Communication Development in Infants with Down Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Emily K.","family":"Schworer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah J.","family":"Fidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Daunhauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12313","article-title":"Executive function and academic achievement in primary-grade students with Down syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Will","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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