{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:23:30Z","timestamp":1791404610408,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":444,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease is a progressive, clinically heterogeneous, and particularly complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by a decline in cognition. Over the last two decades, there has been significant growth in the investigation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. This review presents current evidence from many clinical neurochemical studies, with findings that attest to the efficacy of existing core CSF biomarkers such as total tau, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b242), which diagnose Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the early and dementia stages of the disorder. The heterogeneity of the pathophysiology of the late-onset disease warrants the growth of the Alzheimer\u2019s disease CSF biomarker toolbox; more biomarkers showing other aspects of the disease mechanism are needed. This review focuses on new biomarkers that track Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology, such as those that assess neuronal injury (VILIP-1 and neurofilament light), neuroinflammation (sTREM2, YKL-40, osteopontin, GFAP, progranulin, and MCP-1), synaptic dysfunction (SNAP-25 and GAP-43), vascular dysregulation (hFABP), as well as CSF \u03b1-synuclein levels and TDP-43 pathology. Some of these biomarkers are promising candidates as they are specific and predict future rates of cognitive decline. Findings from the combinations of subclasses of new Alzheimer\u2019s disease biomarkers that improve their diagnostic efficacy in detecting associated pathological changes are also presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:49:26Z","timestamp":1613090966000},"page":"215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Donovan A.","family":"McGrowder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, The Mico University College, 1A Marescaux Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7092-9382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chukwuemeka","family":"Nwokocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9475-9637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cameil","family":"Wilson-Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melisa","family":"Anderson-Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health and Wellness, College of Health Sciences, University of Technology, Kingston 7, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8528-5700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jabari","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lennox","family":"Anderson-Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lowen","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyndon","family":"Latore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5106-4915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rory","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruby","family":"Alexander-Lindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012). 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