{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T19:20:44Z","timestamp":1770232844916,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and by the European Regional Development Fund","award":["PSI2015- 73503-JIN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI2015- 73503-JIN"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several studies have shown enhanced performance in change detection tasks when spatial cues indicating the probe\u2019s location are presented after the memory array has disappeared (i.e., retro-cues) compared with spatial cues that are presented simultaneously with the test array (i.e., post-cues). This retro-cue benefit led some authors to propose the existence of two different stores of visual short-term memory: a weak but high-capacity store (fragile memory (FM)) linked to the effect of retro-cues and a robust but low-capacity store (working memory (WM)) linked to the effect of post-cues. The former is thought to be an attention-free system, whereas the latter would strictly depend on selective attention. Nonetheless, this dissociation is under debate, and several authors do not consider retro-cues as a proxy to measure the existence of an independent memory system (e.g., FM). We approached this controversial issue by altering the attention-related functions in the right superior parietal lobule (SPL) by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), whose effects were mediated by the integrity of the right superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). Specifically, we asked whether TMS on the SPL affected the performance of retro cues vs. post-cues to a similar extent. The results showed that TMS on the SPL, mediated by right SLF-III integrity, produced a modulation of the retro-cue benefit, namely a memory capacity decrease in the post-cues but not in the retro-cues. These findings have strong implications for the debate on the existence of independent stages of visual short-term memory and for the growing literature showing a key role of the SLF for explaining the variability of TMS effects across participants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T05:39:28Z","timestamp":1613626768000},"page":"252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Right Superior Parietal Lobule Modulates the Retro-Cue Benefit in Visual Short-Term Memory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fabiano","family":"Botta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6157-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Lupi\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9665-8701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences &amp; Education, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Mart\u00edn-Ar\u00e9valo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/36846","article-title":"The Capacity of Visual Working Memory for Features and Conjunctions","volume":"390","author":"Luck","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1961.tb03987.x","article-title":"Short-Term Memory in Vision","volume":"40","author":"Averbach","year":"1961","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0093759","article-title":"The Information Available in Brief Visual Presentations","volume":"74","author":"Sperling","year":"1960","journal-title":"Psychol. Monogr. Gen. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903322598139","article-title":"Orienting Attention to Locations in Internal Representations","volume":"15","author":"Griffin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00402-9","article-title":"Large Capacity Storage of Integrated Objects before Change Blindness","volume":"43","author":"Landman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sligte, I.G., Scholte, H.S., and Lamme, V.A.F. (2008). Are There Multiple Visual Short-Term Memory Stores?. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001699"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.044","article-title":"Manipulations of Attention Dissociate Fragile Visual Short-Term Memory from Visual Working Memory","volume":"49","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.010","article-title":"Magnetic Stimulation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Dissociates Fragile Visual Short-Term Memory from Visual Working Memory","volume":"49","author":"Sligte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613516146","article-title":"Accurate Metacognition for Visual Sensory Memory Representations","volume":"25","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)00013-X","article-title":"Why Visual Attention and Awareness Are Different","volume":"7","author":"Lamme","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.026","article-title":"Directing Spatial Attention in Mental Representations: Interactions between Attentional Orienting and Working-Memory Load","volume":"26","author":"Lepsien","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00817-6","article-title":"Neural Correlates of Visual Working Memory: FMRI Amplitude Predicts Task Performance","volume":"35","author":"Pessoa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7432","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0784-09.2009","article-title":"V4 Activity Predicts the Strength of Visual Short-Term Memory Representations","volume":"29","author":"Sligte","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-016-1108-5","article-title":"In Search of the Focus of Attention in Working Memory: 13 Years of the Retro-Cue Effect","volume":"78","author":"Souza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0235-9","article-title":"Are Multiple Visual Short-Term Memory Storages Necessary to Explain the Retro-Cue Effect?","volume":"19","author":"Makovski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botta, F., Mart\u00edn-Ar\u00e9valo, E., Lupi\u00e1\u00f1ez, J., and Bartolomeo, P. (2019). Does Spatial Attention Modulate Sensory Memory?. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219504"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2014.12.016","article-title":"Iconic Memory Is Not a Case of Attention-Free Awareness","volume":"33","author":"Mack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2015.12.006","article-title":"No Iconic Memory without Attention","volume":"40","author":"Mack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000255","article-title":"Conscious Visual Memory with Minimal Attention","volume":"146","author":"Pinto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01593-X","article-title":"Overlapping Mechanisms of Attention and Spatial Working Memory","volume":"5","author":"Awh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.08.023","article-title":"Interactions between Attention and Working Memory","volume":"139","author":"Awh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(01)00117-8","article-title":"Dissociating Top-down Attentional Control from Selective Perception and Action","volume":"39","author":"Hopfinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0503","article-title":"Neuroanatomic Overlap of Working Memory and Spatial Attention Networks: A Functional MRI Comparison within Subjects","volume":"10","author":"LaBar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.01.005","article-title":"Common and Distinct Neural Correlates of Perceptual and Memorial Selection","volume":"45","author":"Nee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn755","article-title":"Control of Goal-Directed and Stimulus-Driven Attention in the Brain","volume":"3","author":"Corbetta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.04.017","article-title":"The Reorienting System of the Human Brain: From Environment to Theory of Mind","volume":"58","author":"Corbetta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2004.10.003","article-title":"Common Fronto-Parietal Activity in Attention, Memory, and Consciousness: Shared Demands on Integration?","volume":"14","author":"Naghavi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5003","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22984","article-title":"Parietal Cortex Integrates Contextual and Saliency Signals during the Encoding of Natural Scenes in Working Memory","volume":"36","author":"Santangelo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21430","article-title":"The Contribution of Working Memory to Divided Attention","volume":"34","author":"Santangelo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858413494269","article-title":"Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems: Distinct Neural Circuits but Collaborative Roles","volume":"20","author":"Vossel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2905","article-title":"A Lateralized Brain Network for Visuospatial Attention","volume":"14","author":"Forkel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1511-2","article-title":"White Matter Microstructure of Attentional Networks Predicts Attention and Consciousness Functional Interactions","volume":"223","author":"Chica","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp086","article-title":"Structural Connectivity for Visuospatial Attention: Significance of Ventral Pathways","volume":"20","author":"Umarova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.01.014","article-title":"Cortical Control of Inhibition of Return: Evidence from Patients with Inferior Parietal Damage and Visual Neglect","volume":"50","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2008.03.006","article-title":"White Matter (Dis) Connections and Gray Matter (Dys) Functions in Visual Neglect: Gaining Insights into the Brain Networks of Spatial Awareness","volume":"44","author":"Doricchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carreti\u00e9, L., R\u00edos, M., Peri\u00e1\u00f1ez, J.A., Kessel, D., and \u00c1lvarez-Linera, J. (2012). The Role of Low and High Spatial Frequencies in Exogenous Attention to Biologically Salient Stimuli. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037082"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.04.025","article-title":"The Causal Role of the Left Parietal Lobe in Facilitation and Inhibition of Return","volume":"117","author":"Marino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx346","article-title":"Causal Contributions of the SMA to Alertness and Consciousness Interactions","volume":"29","author":"Chica","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.083","article-title":"Fronto-Tectal White Matter Connectivity Mediates Facilitatory Effects of Non-Invasive Neurostimulation on Visual Detection","volume":"82","author":"Quentin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv060","article-title":"Visual Contrast Sensitivity Improvement by Right Frontal High-Beta Activity Is Mediated by Contrast Gain Mechanisms and Influenced by Fronto-Parietal White Matter Microstructure","volume":"26","author":"Quentin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00412-3","article-title":"Visual Working Memory Revealed by Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","volume":"181","author":"Hong","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01146-0","article-title":"Spatial Working Memory Performance after High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Left and Right Posterior Parietal Cortex in Humans","volume":"287","author":"Kessels","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6938","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0542-08.2008","article-title":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over Posterior Parietal Cortex Disrupts Transsaccadic Memory of Multiple Objects","volume":"28","author":"Prime","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.315","article-title":"Mechanisms of Visual Attention in the Human Cortex","volume":"23","author":"Kastner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902870402","article-title":"Posterior Parietal Cortex in Rhesus Monkey: I. Parcellation of Areas Based on Distinctive Limbic and Sensory Corticocortical Connections","volume":"287","author":"Cavada","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902870403","article-title":"Posterior Parietal Cortex in Rhesus Monkey: II. Evidence for Segregated Corticocortical Networks Linking Sensory and Limbic Areas with the Frontal Lobe","volume":"287","author":"Cavada","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl359","article-title":"Association Fibre Pathways of the Brain: Parallel Observations from Diffusion Spectrum Imaging and Autoradiography","volume":"130","author":"Schmahmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical Power Analyses Using G*Power 3.1: Tests for Correlation and Regression Analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.08.016","article-title":"Safety of TMS Consensus Group Safety, Ethical Considerations, and Application Guidelines for the Use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Clinical Practice and Research","volume":"120","author":"Rossi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Schneider, W., Eschman, A., and Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime: User\u2019s Guide. Reference Guide. Getting Started Guide, Psychology Software Tools, Incorporated."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00950.2002","article-title":"Organization of Ipsilateral Excitatory and Inhibitory Pathways in the Human Motor Cortex","volume":"89","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.02.001","article-title":"Non-Invasive Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation of the Brain, Spinal Cord, Roots and Peripheral Nerves: Basic Principles and Procedures for Routine Clinical and Research Application. An Updated Report from an I.F.C.N. Committee","volume":"126","author":"Rossini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91026-X","article-title":"Physiological Motor Asymmetry in Human Handedness: Evidence from Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","volume":"636","author":"Triggs","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050341","article-title":"Magnetic Transcranial Stimulation at Intensities below Active Motor Threshold Activates Intracortical Inhibitory Circuits","volume":"119","author":"Restuccia","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1162\/089892904322984490","article-title":"Effects of Left Inferior Prefrontal Stimulation on Episodic Memory Formation: A Two-Stage FMRI-RTMS Study","volume":"16","author":"Paus","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19530","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604509103","article-title":"Direct Evidence for a Prefrontal Contribution to the Control of Proactive Interference in Verbal Working Memory","volume":"103","author":"Feredoes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0236-05.2005","article-title":"An Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Voluntary and Stimulus-Driven Orienting of Attention","volume":"25","author":"Kincade","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07580.x","article-title":"Concurrent TMS-FMRI Reveals Dynamic Interhemispheric Influences of the Right Parietal Cortex during Exogenously Cued Visuospatial Attention","volume":"33","author":"Heinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20513","article-title":"Effects of Right Parietal Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Object Identification and Orientation Judgments","volume":"20","author":"Harris","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.01.005","article-title":"Human Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Is Involved in Visual Search for Conjunctions but Not Features: A Theta TMS Study","volume":"45","author":"Kalla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.016","article-title":"The Role of the Angular Gyrus in Visual Conjunction Search Investigated Using Signal Detection Analysis and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","volume":"46","author":"Muggleton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.08.035","article-title":"Semantic Incongruity Attracts Attention at a Pre-Conscious Level: Evidence from a TMS Study","volume":"102","author":"Chica","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22080","article-title":"Can Spherical Deconvolution Provide More Information than Fiber Orientations? Hindrance Modulated Orientational Anisotropy, a True-Tract Specific Index to Characterize White Matter Diffusion","volume":"34","author":"Simmons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-015-1001-3","article-title":"Atlasing the Frontal Lobe Connections and Their Variability due to Age and Education: A Spherical Deconvolution Tractography Study","volume":"221","author":"Rojkova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X01003922","article-title":"The Magical Number 4 in Short-Term Memory: A Reconsideration of Mental Storage Capacity","volume":"24","author":"Cowan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics, SAGE."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1080\/14640749108400962","article-title":"Reaction Time Analysis with Outlier Exclusion: Bias Varies with Sample Size","volume":"43","author":"Miller","year":"1991","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koerner, T.K., and Zhang, Y. (2017). Application of Linear Mixed-Effects Models in Human Neuroscience Research: A Comparison with Pearson Correlation in Two Auditory Electrophysiology Studies. Brain Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7030026"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates, D., M\u00e4chler, M., Bolker, B., and Walker, S. (2014). Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using Lme4. arXiv.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuur, A., Ieno, E.N., Walker, N., Saveliev, A.A., and Smith, G.M. (2009). Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-87458-6"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"LmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models","volume":"82","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"2015","article-title":"Package \u2018Phia\u2019","volume":"1","author":"Fox","year":"2015","journal-title":"CRAN Repos. Retrieved"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8143","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5463-10.2010","article-title":"Dorsal and Ventral Parietal Contributions to Spatial Orienting in the Human Brain","volume":"31","author":"Chica","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12212","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407259102","article-title":"Choice Reaction Time Performance Correlates with Diffusion Anisotropy in White Matter Pathways Supporting Visuospatial Attention","volume":"102","author":"Tuch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.02.022","article-title":"White Matter Volume Predicts Reaction Time Instability","volume":"45","author":"Walhovd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.03.007","article-title":"Conscious, Preconscious, and Subliminal Processing: A Testable Taxonomy","volume":"10","author":"Dehaene","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00577","article-title":"Attention Biases Visual Activity in Visual Short-Term Memory","volume":"26","author":"Kuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00305","article-title":"Decoding Attended Information in Short-Term Memory: An EEG Study","volume":"25","author":"LaRocque","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00140","article-title":"Neural Evidence for a Distinction between Short-Term Memory and the Focus of Attention","volume":"24","author":"Drysdale","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-014-0687-2","article-title":"Focused Attention Improves Working Memory: Implications for Flexible-Resource and Discrete-Capacity Models","volume":"76","author":"Souza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.043","article-title":"Functional Connectivity during Top-down Modulation of Visual Short-Term Memory Representations","volume":"49","author":"Kuo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"4","article-title":"Spatial Attention Can Bias Search in Visual Short-Term Memory","volume":"1","author":"Nobre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031172","article-title":"Focused, Unfocused, and Defocused Information in Working Memory","volume":"39","author":"Rerko","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1037\/xhp0000192","article-title":"Getting More from Visual Working Memory: Retro-Cues Enhance Retrieval and Protect from Visual Interference","volume":"42","author":"Souza","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.112.2.291","article-title":"A Neural Theory of Visual Attention: Bridging Cognition and Neurophysiology","volume":"112","author":"Bundesen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.12.009","article-title":"From Thought to Action: The Parietal Cortex as a Bridge between Perception, Action, and Cognition","volume":"53","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.02.020","article-title":"Stimulus-Driven Orienting of Visuo-Spatial Attention in Complex Dynamic Environments","volume":"69","author":"Nardo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.11.047","article-title":"Cueing Attention after the Stimulus Is Gone Can Retrospectively Trigger Conscious Perception","volume":"23","author":"Sergent","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2004.02.008","article-title":"The Where and How of Attention-Based Rehearsal in Spatial Working Memory","volume":"20","author":"Postle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/2\/252\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:25:27Z","timestamp":1760160327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/2\/252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci11020252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11020252","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]}}}