{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:48:27Z","timestamp":1789498107709,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W1233-G17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W1233-G17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T 798-B27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T 798-B27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011852","name":"Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversit\u00e4t","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PMU-FFF; A-16\/02\/021-H\u00d6L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMU-FFF; A-16\/02\/021-H\u00d6L"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011852","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011852","name":"Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversit\u00e4t","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PMU-FFF; A-16\/02\/021-H\u00d6L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMU-FFF; A-16\/02\/021-H\u00d6L"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011852","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Memory complaints are frequently reported by patients with epilepsy and are associated with seizure occurrence. Yet, the direct effects of seizures on memory retention are difficult to assess given their unpredictability. Furthermore, previous investigations have predominantly assessed declarative memory. This study evaluated within-subject effects of seizure occurrence on retention and consolidation of a procedural motor sequence learning task in patients with epilepsy undergoing continuous monitoring for five consecutive days. Of the total sample of patients considered for analyses (N = 53, Mage = 32.92 \u00b1 13.80 y, range = 18\u201366 y; 43% male), 15 patients experienced seizures and were used for within-patient analyses. Within-patient contrasts showed general improvements over seizure-free (day + night) and seizure-affected retention periods. Yet, exploratory within-subject contrasts for patients diagnosed with temporal lobe epilepsy (n = 10) showed that only seizure-free retention periods resulted in significant improvements, as no performance changes were observed following seizure-affected retention. These results indicate general performance improvements and offline consolidation of procedural memory during the day and night. Furthermore, these results suggest the relevance of healthy temporal lobe functioning for successful consolidation of procedural information, as well as the importance of seizure control for effective retention and consolidation of procedural memory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T09:06:10Z","timestamp":1613725570000},"page":"261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Investigating the Effects of Seizures on Procedural Memory Performance in Patients with Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Frank J.","family":"van Schalkwijk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter R.","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6329-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurie A.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Central Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugen","family":"Trinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1727-8557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne","family":"H\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, University of Akureyri, 600 Akureyri, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2017.06.011","article-title":"Long-term memory deficits in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"173","author":"Lambert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. 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