{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:50:24Z","timestamp":1792169424134,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Economy and competitiveness of the Spanish Government","award":["PSI2016-78185-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI2016-78185-P"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cognitive flexibility, response inhibition, and working memory are considered the main mechanisms responsible for executive control. This study examined differences in cognitive flexibility, inhibition, and working memory in patients with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) relative to a control group. Method: A total of 62 obsessive-compulsive participants (OCD = 32; healthy control = 32) aged between 17 and 56 years old (M = 33.16, SD = 9.23) were administered the computerized Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Color\u2013Word Test, Go\/No-Go Task, Digit Test, and Corsi Block Test. Clinician-rated and self-reported obsessive\u2013compulsive symptom severity, and anxiety, depression, and obsessive beliefs were evaluated. Results: The control group performed better than the OCD group in tasks involving cognitive flexibility, inhibition, and visuospatial working memory. Anxiety and obsessive beliefs influenced the participants\u2019 performance on inhibition and working memory tasks. Similarly, comorbidity also influenced inhibition and working memory. In addition, the use of pharmacotherapy and the degree of OCD symptom severity influenced verbal working memory. Conclusions: Cognitive flexibility, inhibition, and visuospatial working memory deficits may be endophenotypes of OCD but require further examination for specificity. OCD severity, comorbidity patterns, anxiety, and obsessive beliefs may influence performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]],"date-time":"2021-02-21T21:15:01Z","timestamp":1613942101000},"page":"267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Executive Functioning and Clinical Variables in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Inmaculada Concepci\u00f3n","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Esparza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personality, Assessment &amp; Psychological Treatment, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2422-5250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo J.","family":"Olivares-Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personality, Assessment &amp; Psychological Treatment, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8802-6197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Rosa-Alc\u00e1zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2572-7535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana I.","family":"Rosa-Alc\u00e1zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personality, Assessment &amp; Psychological Treatment, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Storch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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