{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T11:49:54Z","timestamp":1792496994627,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]],"date-time":"2021-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["44858 and 213486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["44858 and 213486"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reviews the observations of the Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Longitudinal Study of Dyslexia (JLD). The JLD is a prospective family risk study in which the development of children with familial risk for dyslexia (N = 108) due to parental dyslexia and controls without dyslexia risk (N = 92) were followed from birth to adulthood. The JLD revealed that the likelihood of at-risk children performing poorly in reading and spelling tasks was fourfold compared to the controls. Auditory insensitivity of newborns observed during the first week of life using brain event-related potentials (ERPs) was shown to be the first precursor of dyslexia. ERPs measured at six months of age related to phoneme length identification differentiated the family risk group from the control group and predicted reading speed until the age of 14 years. Early oral language skills, phonological processing skills, rapid automatized naming, and letter knowledge differentiated the groups from ages 2.5\u20133.5 years onwards and predicted dyslexia and reading development, including reading comprehension, until adolescence. The home environment, a child\u2019s interest in reading, and task avoidance were not different in the risk group but were found to be additional predictors of reading development. Based on the JLD findings, preventive and intervention methods utilizing the association learning approach have been developed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11040427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T22:09:01Z","timestamp":1616969341000},"page":"427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Unveiling the Mysteries of Dyslexia\u2014Lessons Learned from the Prospective Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Longitudinal Study of Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1641-844X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaisa","family":"Lohvansuu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3834-9892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minna","family":"Torppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teacher Education, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3281-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"Ahonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"},{"name":"Niilo M\u00e4ki Institute, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3416-4700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Eklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7188-8148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarmo A.","family":"H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paavo H. T.","family":"Lepp\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Lyytinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Niilo M\u00e4ki Institute, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9","article-title":"A definition of dyslexia","volume":"53","author":"Lyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1080\/03054985.2020.1793545","article-title":"The American experience: Towards a 21st century definition of dyslexia","volume":"46","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxford Rev. 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