{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T18:09:59Z","timestamp":1790446199760,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32DC009401-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DC009401-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31DC018726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31DC018726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC018584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC018584"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rat model is a useful tool for understanding peripheral and central mechanisms of laryngeal biology. Rats produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) that have communicative intent and are altered by experimental conditions such as social environment, stress, diet, drugs, age, and neurological diseases, validating the rat model\u2019s utility for studying communication and related deficits. Sex differences are apparent in both the rat larynx and USV acoustics and are differentially affected by experimental conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this review paper is to highlight the known sex differences in rat USV production, acoustics, and laryngeal biology detailed in the literature across the lifespan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11040459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T11:48:29Z","timestamp":1617623309000},"page":"459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Biological and Acoustic Sex Differences in Rat Ultrasonic Vocalization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0978-9373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Lenell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA"},{"name":"Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York, NY 10001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney K.","family":"Broadfoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA"},{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole E.","family":"Schaen-Heacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA"},{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle R.","family":"Ciucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA"},{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-013-1607-9","article-title":"Affective communication in rodents: Ultrasonic vocalizations as a tool for research on emotion and motivation","volume":"354","author":"Schwarting","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/227410a0","article-title":"Ultrasonic communication in rodents","volume":"227","author":"Sewell","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.11.008","article-title":"Ultrasonic vocalizations as a tool in studying emotional states in rodent models of social behavior and brain disease","volume":"159","author":"Simola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2014.01.023","article-title":"Pro-social ultrasonic communication in rats: Insights from playback studies","volume":"234","author":"Seffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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