{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:12:34Z","timestamp":1790626354363,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several recent studies confirmed that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has a negative influence on peer relationship and quality of life in children. The aim of the current study is to investigate the association between prosocial behaviour, peer relationships and quality of life in treatment na\u00efve ADHD samples. The samples included 79 children with ADHD (64 boys and 15 girls, mean age = 10.24 years, SD = 2.51) and 54 healthy control children (30 boys and 23 girls, mean age = 9.66 years, SD = 1.73). Measurements included: The \u201cMini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid; Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire\u201d and the \u201cInventar zur Erfassung der Lebensqualit\u00e4t bei Kindern und Jugendlichen\u201d. The ADHD group showed significantly lower levels of prosocial behaviour and more problems with peer relationships than the control group. Prosocial behaviour has a weak positive correlation with the rating of the child\u2019s quality of life by the parents, both in the ADHD group and in the control group. The rating of quality of life and peer relationship problems by the parents also showed a significant negative moderate association in both groups. The rating of quality of life by the child showed a significant negative weak relationship with peer relationships in the ADHD group, but no significant relationship was found in the control group. Children with ADHD and comorbid externalizing disorders showed more problems in peer relationships than ADHD without comorbid externalizing disorders. Based on these results, we conclude that therapy for ADHD focused on improvement of prosocial behaviour and peer relationships as well as comorbid externalizing disorders could have a favourable effect on the quality of life of these children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11040475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T10:05:21Z","timestamp":1617962721000},"page":"475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Association between Prosocial Behaviour and Peer Relationships with Comorbid Externalizing Disorders and Quality of Life in Treatment-Na\u00efve Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Szabina","family":"Vel\u0151","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Psychology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1064 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Developmental and Clinical Child Psychology, Institute of Psychology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1064 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1gnes","family":"Kereszt\u00e9ny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Clinical Child Psychology, Institute of Psychology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1064 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gy\u00f6ngyv\u00e9r","family":"Ferenczi-Dallos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Clinical Child Psychology, Institute of Psychology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1064 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Pump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Psychology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1064 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Developmental and Clinical Child Psychology, Institute of Psychology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1064 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katalin","family":"M\u00f3ra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Clinical Child Psychology, Institute of Psychology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1064 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judit","family":"Bal\u00e1zs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Clinical Child Psychology, Institute of Psychology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1064 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Bj\u00f8rknes University College, 0456 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prosocial development","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Lamb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science, Socioemotional Processes"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.28.1.126","article-title":"Development of concern for others","volume":"28","author":"Wagner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Brownell, C.A., and Kopp, C.B. (2007). The transformation of prosocial behavior from infancy to childhood. Socioemotional Development in the Toddler Years: Transitions and Transformations, Guilford."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.2307\/1131806","article-title":"Prosocial development in late adolescence: A longitudinal study","volume":"66","author":"Eisenberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2014.10.004","article-title":"Prosocial norms in the classroom: The role of self-regulation in following norms of giving","volume":"115","author":"Blake","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Econ. Behav. Organ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2012.04.002","article-title":"Prosocial tendencies predict friendship quality, but not for popular children","volume":"112","author":"Poorthuis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.1993.9914748","article-title":"School children\u2019s perceptions of their families and parents as a function of peer relations","volume":"154","author":"Rigby","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Genet Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E43","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.3.e43","article-title":"Prevalence and assessment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in primary care settings","volume":"107","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.5.827","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders among American Indian and white youth in Appalachia: The Great Smoky Mountains Study","volume":"87","author":"Costello","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0135-8","article-title":"The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review","volume":"9","author":"Willcutt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1992). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.5.564","article-title":"Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders","volume":"148","author":"Biederman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2011.8.2.95","article-title":"A comparison of comorbidity and psychological outcomes in children and adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"8","author":"Huh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0165","article-title":"Patterns of comorbidity, functioning, and service use for US children with ADHD, 2007","volume":"127","author":"Larson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2007.0075","article-title":"Clinical presentation of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in preschool children: The preschoolers with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity treatment study (PATS)","volume":"17","author":"Posner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200202001-00006","article-title":"Patterns of psychopathology and dysfunction in clinically referred preschoolers","volume":"23","author":"Wilens","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0844","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents who have a diagnosis of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"114","author":"Klassen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"165","article-title":"A gyermek-\u00e9s serd\u00fcl\u0151kori figyelemhi\u00e1nyos-hiperaktivit\u00e1s zavar komorbidit\u00e1sainak \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00e1sa [Comparison of comorbidities of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents]","volume":"27","author":"Dallos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Hung."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2019.103542","article-title":"Multi-Source Interference Task paradigm to enhance automatic and controlled processes in ADHD","volume":"97","author":"Capri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.09.009","article-title":"A.; Barkley, R.A. Social and Emotional Impairment in Children and Adolescents with ADHD and the Impact on Quality of Life","volume":"46","author":"Wehmeier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.02.002","article-title":"Maternal parenting styles and mother-child relationship among adolescents with and without persistent attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"34","author":"Gau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.65.4.636","article-title":"Attributions for child behavior in parents of children without behavior disorders and children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder","volume":"65","author":"Johnston","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-007-9177-5","article-title":"Parent-child relationships and ADHD symptoms: A longitudinal analysis","volume":"36","author":"Lifford","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"319874","article-title":"The link between peer relations, prosocial behavior, and ODD\/ADHD symptoms in 7\u20139-year-old children","volume":"2013","author":"Paap","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.12809\/eaap1921","article-title":"Emotional\/Behavioural Problems and Functional Impairment in Children with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"30","author":"Tengsujaritkul","year":"2020","journal-title":"East Asian Arch. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.11.274","article-title":"School context: Family satisfaction and social competence of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD\u201d","volume":"29","author":"Jara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054710383239","article-title":"Functional Impairments in Children with ADHD: Unique Effects of Age and Comorbid Status","volume":"16","author":"Booster","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.2165\/11537450-000000000-00000","article-title":"The impact of medications on quality of life in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Coghill","year":"2010","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-009-0046-3","article-title":"The quality of life of children with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Danckaerts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"19","article-title":"Figyelemhi\u00e1nyos hiperaktivit\u00e1s zavar diagn\u00f3zis\u00fa gyermekek \u00e9s feln\u0151ttek \u00e9letmin\u0151s\u00e9ge: Az elm\u00falt \u00f6t \u00e9v vizsg\u00e1latainak szisztematikus \u00e1ttekint\u0151 tanulm\u00e1nya [Quality of life of patients with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Systematic review of the past 5 years]","volume":"15","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Hung."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02037","article-title":"Long-term effects of multimodal treatment on psychopathology and health-related quality of life of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"10","author":"Kereszteny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psycho."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"10","article-title":"The quality of life of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Agarwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Innov. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1324","article-title":"ADHD, multimodal treatment, and longitudinal outcome: Evidence, paradox, and challenge","volume":"6","author":"Hinshaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2019, July 31). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management. Available online: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng87."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12070991","article-title":"Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments","volume":"170","author":"Brandeis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2018.0711","article-title":"Interactive Avatar Boosts the Performances of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Dynamic Measures of Intelligence","volume":"22","author":"Fabio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banaji, M.R. (2013). , Gelman, S.A. (Eds.) Navigating the Social World: What Infants, Children, and Other Species Can Teach Us, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199890712.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsm024","article-title":"Peer functioning in children with ADHD","volume":"32","author":"Hoza","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"410","article-title":"Quality of life of newly diagnosed, treatment naive children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"29","author":"Dallos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Hung."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"358","article-title":"A Gyermek MINI k\u00e9rd\u0151\u00edv magyar nyelv\u0171 v\u00e1ltozat\u00e1nak ismertet\u00e9se [Introduction of the Hungarian version of the MINI Kid]","volume":"19","author":"Lefkovics","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Hung."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83296-8","article-title":"The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: Reliability and validity according to the CIDI","volume":"12","author":"Lecrubier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"34","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05305whi","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID)","volume":"71","author":"Sheehan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s007870050057","article-title":"The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A pilot study on the validity of the self-report version","volume":"7","author":"Goodman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"165","article-title":"A K\u00e9pess\u00e9gek \u00e9s Neh\u00e9zs\u00e9gek K\u00e9rd\u0151\u00edv (SDQ-Magy) valid\u00e1l\u00e1sa serd\u00fclokor\u00fa klinikai popul\u00e1ci\u00f3ban [Validation of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-Magy) in an adolescent clinical population]","volume":"28","author":"Turi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Hung."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"33","article-title":"Eletmin\u0151s\u00e9g k\u00e9rd\u0151\u00edv validit\u00e1sa \u00e9s pszichometriai jellemz\u0151i magyar gyermekpopul\u00e1ci\u00f3n [Validity and psychometric properties of the quality of life questionnaire in the Hungarian child population]","volume":"22","author":"Kiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Hung."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"183","article-title":"Das Inventar zur Erfassung der Lebensqualit\u00e4t bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (ILK) [The inventory of life quality in children and adolescents ILC]","volume":"26","author":"Mattejat","year":"1998","journal-title":"Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"IBM Corp (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2010.01.003","article-title":"Links between preschool children\u2019s prosocial skills and aggressive conduct problems: The contribution of ADHD symptom","volume":"25","author":"Hay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Child. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Dallos, G. (2015). Gyermekpszichi\u00e1triai K\u00f3rk\u00e9pek Vizsg\u00e1lata: Az \u00c9letmin\u0151s\u00e9g \u00e9s az ADHD Vizsg\u00e1lata. [Ph.D. Thesis, Semmelweis University]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2012.660546","article-title":"A comparison between child psychiatric outpatients with AD\/HD and anxiety\/depression","volume":"66","author":"Thaulow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nord. J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Pastor, P.N., Reuben, C.A., Duran, C.R., and Hawkins, L.D. (2015). Association between Diagnosed ADHD and Selected Characteristics among Children Aged 4\u20137 Years: United States, 2011\u20132013, NCHS Data Brief, No. 201; National Center for Health Statistics."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2018, January 14). Hungary 2016. Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Available online: http:\/\/www.ksh.hu\/docs\/hun\/xftp\/idoszaki\/mo\/mo2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2217\/npy.13.59","article-title":"Changes in the Definition of ADHD in DSM-5: Subtle but Important","volume":"3","author":"Epstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e994","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3482","article-title":"Prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/4\/475\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:59:07Z","timestamp":1760363947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/4\/475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci11040475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11040475","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]}}}