{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:27:01Z","timestamp":1792686421548,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A), the target of the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam (LEV), is expressed ubiquitously in all synaptic terminals. Its levels decrease in patients and animal models of epilepsy. Thus, changes in SV2A expression could be a critical factor in the response to LEV. Epilepsy is characterized by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition, hence SV2A levels in particular terminals could also influence the LEV response. SV2A expression was analyzed in the epileptic hippocampus of rats which responded or not to LEV, to clarify if changes in SV2A alone or together with glutamatergic or GABAergic markers may predict LEV resistance. Wistar rats were administered saline (control) or pilocarpine to induce epilepsy. These groups were subdivided into untreated or LEV-treated groups. All epileptic rats were video-monitored to assess their number of seizures. Epileptic rats with an important seizure reduction (&gt;50%) were classified as responders. SV2A, vesicular \u03b3-aminobutyric acid transporter and vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) expression were assessed by immunostaining. SV2A expression was not modified during epilepsy. However, responders showed \u224855% SV2A-VGLUT co-expression in comparison with the non-responder group (\u224840%). Thus, SV2A expression in glutamatergic terminals may be important for the response to LEV treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11050531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T12:08:30Z","timestamp":1619179710000},"page":"531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Synaptic Vesicle Protein 2A Expression in Glutamatergic Terminals Is Associated with the Response to Levetiracetam Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Itzel Jatziri","family":"Contreras-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Neurociencias, Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, Unidad Iztapalapa, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7519-5664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisela","family":"G\u00f3mez-Lira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14330, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6470-6860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan V\u00edctor","family":"Phillips-Farf\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nutrici\u00f3n Experimental, Subdirecci\u00f3n de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz Adriana","family":"Pichardo-Mac\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes Edna","family":"Garc\u00eda-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Subdirecci\u00f3n de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6919-4497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Luis","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda, Subdirecci\u00f3n de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0702-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julieta G.","family":"Mendoza-Torreblanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Subdirecci\u00f3n de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9861","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308208101","article-title":"The synaptic vesicle protein SV2A is the binding site for the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam","volume":"101","author":"Lynch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. 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