{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T21:30:02Z","timestamp":1769376602537,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mechanisms underlying sound\u2019s effect on tinnitus perception are unclear. Tinnitus activity appears to conflict with perceptual expectations of \u201creal\u201d sound, resulting in it being a salient signal. Attention diverted towards tinnitus during the later stages of object processing potentially disrupts high-order auditory streaming, and its uncertain nature results in negative psychological responses. This study investigated the benefits and neurophysiological basis of passive perceptual training and informational counseling to recategorize phantom perception as a more real auditory object. Specifically, it examined underlying psychoacoustic correlates of tinnitus and the neural activities associated with tinnitus auditory streaming and how malleable these are to change with targeted intervention. Eighteen participants (8 females, 10 males, mean age = 61.6 years) completed the study. The study consisted of 2 parts: (1) An acute exposure over 30 min to a sound that matched the person\u2019s tinnitus (Tinnitus Avatar) that was cross-faded to a selected nature sound (Cicadas, Fan, Water Sound\/Rain, Birds, Water and Bird). (2) A chronic exposure for 3 months to the same \u201cmorphed\u201d sound. A brain-inspired spiking neural network (SNN) architecture was used to model and compare differences between electroencephalography (EEG) patterns recorded prior to morphing sound presentation, during, after (3-month), and post-follow-up. Results showed that the tinnitus avatar generated was a good match to an individual\u2019s tinnitus as rated on likeness scales and was not rated as unpleasant. The five environmental sounds selected for this study were also rated as being appropriate matches to individuals\u2019 tinnitus and largely pleasant to listen to. There was a significant reduction in the Tinnitus Functional Index score and subscales of intrusiveness of the tinnitus signal and ability to concentrate with the tinnitus trial end compared to baseline. There was a significant decrease in how strong the tinnitus signal was rated as well as ratings of how easy it was to ignore the tinnitus signal on severity rating scales. Qualitative analysis found that the environmental sound interacted with the tinnitus in a positive way, but participants did not experience change in severity, however, characteristics of tinnitus, including pitch and uniformity of sound, were reported to change. The results indicate the feasibility of the computational SNN method and preliminary evidence that the sound exposure may change activation of neural tinnitus networks and greater bilateral hemispheric involvement as the sound morphs over time into natural environmental sound; particularly relating to attention and discriminatory judgments (dorsal attention network, precentral gyrus, ventral anterior network). This is the first study that attempts to recategorize tinnitus using passive auditory training to a sound that morphs from resembling the person\u2019s tinnitus to a natural sound. These findings will be used to design future-controlled trials to elucidate whether the approach used differs in effect and mechanism from conventional Broadband Noise (BBN) sound therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11050554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T21:18:20Z","timestamp":1619558300000},"page":"554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Behavioral Outcomes and Neural Network Modeling of a Novel, Putative, Recategorization Sound Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mithila","family":"Durai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Audiology, School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Eisdell Moore Centre, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1431-8258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zohreh","family":"Doborjeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Audiology, School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Eisdell Moore Centre, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2511-3135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip J.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Audiology, School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Eisdell Moore Centre, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dunja","family":"Vajsakovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Audiology, School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Eisdell Moore Centre, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Wendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knowledge Engineering &amp; Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grant D.","family":"Searchfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Audiology, School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Eisdell Moore Centre, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Brain Research New Zealand\u2014Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wu, B., Exeter, D., and Searchfield, G.D. (2014, January 10\u201313). Tinnitus in New Zealand. Proceedings of the 8th TRI International Tinnitus Conference, Auckland, New Zealand."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baguley, D., Andersson, G., McFerran, N., and McKenna, L. (2013). Tinnitus: A Multidisciplinary Approach, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118783009"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.04.001","article-title":"The Bayesian brain: Phantom percepts resolve sensory uncertainty","volume":"44","author":"Vanneste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.04.032","article-title":"Tuning Out the Noise: Limbic-Auditory Interactions in Tinnitus","volume":"66","author":"Rauschecker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2010.12.003","article-title":"Tinnitus: Models and mechanisms","volume":"276","author":"Kaltenbach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.107","article-title":"Tinnitus and musical hallucinosis: The same but more","volume":"82","author":"Vanneste","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Searchfield, G.D., Kobayashi, K., and Sanders, M. (2012). An Adaptation Level Theory of Tinnitus Audibility. Front. Syst. Neurosci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2012.00046"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Searchfield, G.D. (2014). Tinnitus What and Where: An Ecological Framework. Front. Neurol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00271"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8075","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018466108","article-title":"Phantom percepts: Tinnitus and pain as persisting aversive memory networks","volume":"108","author":"Elgoyhen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Feldmann, H. (1991, January 27\u201330). Tinnitus\u2013reality or phantom?. Proceedings of the Fourth International Tinnitus Seminar, Bordeaux, France."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parducci, A., and Helson, H. (1965). Adaptation-Level Theory. Am. J. Psychol., 78.","DOI":"10.2307\/1421107"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000620","article-title":"Auditory Streaming and Prediction in Tinnitus Sufferers","volume":"40","author":"Durai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2006\/012)","article-title":"Tinnitus and Its Effect on Working Memory and Attention","volume":"49","author":"Rossiter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2011.623120","article-title":"Effects of severe bothersome tinnitus on cognitive function measured with standardized tests","volume":"34","author":"Pierce","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020400050030","article-title":"Tinnitus impairs cognitive efficiency","volume":"43","author":"Hallam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1080\/0887044031000112100","article-title":"Autobiographical Memory in Patients with Tinnitus","volume":"18","author":"Andersson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2013.792101","article-title":"Autobiographical Memory Specificity in Patients with Tinnitus Versus Patients with Depression and Normal Controls","volume":"42","author":"Andersson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersson, G., Eriksson, J., Lundh, L.-G., and Lyttkens, L. (2000). Tinnitus and Cognitive Interference: A Stroop Paradigm Study. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res., 43.","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4305.1168"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020601102329","article-title":"Severe tinnitus and its effect on selective and divided attention","volume":"46","author":"Stevens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/03655230600895226","article-title":"The role of cognition in tinnitus","volume":"126","author":"Andersson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Searchfield, G.D. (2020). Sense and Sensibility: A Review of the Behavioral Neuroscience of Tinnitus Sound Therapy and a New Typology. Neurotoxin Modeling of Brain Disorders\u2014Life-Long Outcomes in Behavioral Teratology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2020_183"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/002383096901200101","article-title":"Crosslanguage Study of Vowel Perception","volume":"12","author":"Stevens","year":"1969","journal-title":"Lang. Speech"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1121\/1.416296","article-title":"The perceptual magnet effect as an emergent property of neural map formation","volume":"100","author":"Guenther","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3968.303","article-title":"Speech Perception in Infants","volume":"171","author":"Eimas","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"39","article-title":"Language perception of 2-month-old infants shows effects of both innate mechanisms and experience","volume":"259","author":"Streeter","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.123.2.178","article-title":"Influences of categorization on perceptual discrimination","volume":"123","author":"Goldstone","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(81)90028-7","article-title":"Infants, speech, and language: A look at some connections","volume":"10","author":"Eimas","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1207\/s15473341lld0103&4_2","article-title":"Early speech perception and later language development: Implications for the critical period","volume":"1","author":"Kuhl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lang. Learn. Dev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1736364","article-title":"Linguistic experience alters phonetic perception in infants by 6 months of age","volume":"255","author":"Kuhl","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2011.29.5.547","article-title":"Category Boundaries and Category Labels: When Does a Category Name Influence the Perceived Similarity of Category Members","volume":"29","author":"Foroni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3243297","article-title":"Perceptual and emotional categorization of sound","volume":"126","author":"Bergman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burleigh, T.J., and Schoenherr, J.R. (2015). A reappraisal of the uncanny valley: Categorical perception or frequency-based sensitization?. Front. Psychol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01488"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.918971","article-title":"A Comparison of Nature and Technical Sounds for Tinnitus Therapy","volume":"102","author":"Barozzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Acust. United Acust."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durai, M., and Searchfield, G.D. (2017). A Mixed-Methods Trial of Broad Band Noise and Nature Sounds for Tinnitus Therapy: Group and Individual Responses Modeled under the Adaptation Level Theory of Tinnitus. Front. Aging Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00044"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.12.013","article-title":"Examining the short term effects of emotion under an Adaptation Level Theory model of tinnitus perception","volume":"345","author":"Durai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.15103","article-title":"The personality profile of tinnitus sufferers and a nontinnitus control group","volume":"28","author":"Durai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2016.1198966","article-title":"Anxiety and depression, personality traits relevant to tinnitus: A scoping review","volume":"55","author":"Durai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.17025","article-title":"A review of auditory prediction and its potential role in tinnitus perception","volume":"29","author":"Durai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2012.09.014","article-title":"Design and evaluation of tinnitus synthesis methods: From spectral to spatial matching","volume":"34","author":"Bertet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doborjeh, Z., Doborjeh, M., Crook-Rumsey, M., Taylor, T., Wang, G.Y., Moreau, D., Kr\u00e4geloh, C., Wrapson, W., Siegert, R.J., and Kasabov, N. (2020). Interpretability of Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Brain Processes Followed by Mindfulness Intervention in a Brain-Inspired Spiking Neural Network Architecture. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247354"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.07.021","article-title":"Personalised modelling with spiking neural networks integrating temporal and static information","volume":"119","author":"Doborjeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31822f67c0","article-title":"The Tinnitus Functional Index: Development of a new clinical measure for chronic, intrusive tinnitus","volume":"33","author":"Meikle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Chandra, N., Lee, A., and Searchfield, G.D. (2014, January 10\u201313). Validation of the Tinnitus Functional Index in New Zealand. Proceedings of the 8th International TRI Tinnitus Conference, Auckland, New Zealand."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","article-title":"Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales","volume":"54","author":"Watson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical groups and a community sample","volume":"10","author":"Antony","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gale, N.K., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S., and Redwood, S. (2013). Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Med Res. Methodol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-117"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/13645570500402447","article-title":"On Becoming a Pragmatic Researcher: The Importance of Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodologies","volume":"8","author":"Onwuegbuzie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X8500900505","article-title":"Numbers and Words: Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in a Single Large-Scale Evaluation Study","volume":"9","author":"Rossman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eval. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey on deep learning: Algorithms, techniques, and applications","volume":"51","author":"Pouyanfar","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2014.01.006","article-title":"NeuCube: A spiking neural network architecture for mapping, learning and understanding of spatio-temporal brain data","volume":"52","author":"Kasabov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modelling Peri-Perceptual Brain Processes in a Deep Learning Spiking Neural Network Architecture","volume":"8","author":"Doborjeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-017-9517-x","article-title":"Attentional Bias Pattern Recognition in Spiking Neural Networks from Spatio-Temporal EEG Data","volume":"10","author":"Doborjeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogn. Comput."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42863-x","article-title":"Spiking Neural Network Modelling Approach Reveals How Mindfulness Training Rewires the Brain","volume":"9","author":"Doborjeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capecci, E., Doborjeh, Z., Mammone, N., la Foresta, F., Morabito, F.C., and Kasabov, N. (2016, January 24\u201329). Longitudinal study of Alzheimer\u2019s disease degeneration through EEG data analysis with a NeuCube spiking neural network model. Proceedings of the 2016 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2016.7727356"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2019.2906158","article-title":"Selection and Optimization of Temporal Spike Encoding Methods for Spiking Neural Networks","volume":"31","author":"Petro","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Talairach, J., and Tournoux, P. (1988). Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain: 3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, Thieme."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.03.018","article-title":"Small-world human brain networks: Perspectives and challenges","volume":"77","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s12530-017-9178-8","article-title":"Evolving, dynamic clustering of spatio\/spectro-temporal data in 3D spiking neural network models and a case study on EEG data","volume":"9","author":"Doborjeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Doborjeh, Z. (2019). Modelling of Spatiotemporal EEG and ERP Brain Data for Dynamic Pattern Recognition and Brain State Prediction using Spiking Neural Networks: Methods and Applications in Psychology. [Ph.D. Thesis, Auckland University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2016.2612890","article-title":"Mapping, Learning, Visualization, Classification, and Understanding of fMRI Data in the NeuCube Evolving Spatiotemporal Data Machine of Spiking Neural Networks","volume":"28","author":"Kasabov","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2016.2636291","article-title":"New Algorithms for Encoding, Learning and Classification of fMRI Data in a Spiking Neural Network Architecture: A Case on Modeling and Understanding of Dynamic Cognitive Processes","volume":"9","author":"Kasabov","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Dev. Syst."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5298\/1081-5937-38.1.9","article-title":"Cortical Cartography","volume":"38","author":"Kaiser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.3.543","article-title":"Long-term Expertise with Artificial Objects Increases Visual Competition with Early Face Categorization Processes","volume":"19","author":"Rossion","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3747","article-title":"The functional architecture of the ventral temporal cortex and its role in categorization","volume":"15","author":"Weiner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Searchfield, G.D., Durai, M., and Linford, T. (2017). A State-of-the-Art Review: Personalization of Tinnitus Sound Therapy. Front. Psychol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01599"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"129","article-title":"Prediction of tinnitus masking benefit within a case series using a spiking neural network model","volume":"Volume 260","author":"Durai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology\u2014Pathological Situations and Diseases"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanders, P., Doborjeh, Z., Doborjeh, M., Kasabov, N., and Searchfield, G. (2021). Prediction of Acoustic Residual Inhibition of Tinnitus Using a Brain-Inspired Spiking Neural Network Model. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010052"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2013.07.010","article-title":"Using resting state functional connectivity to unravel networks of tinnitus","volume":"307","author":"Husain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21426","article-title":"Neural correlates of tinnitus duration and Distress: A positron emission tomography study","volume":"34","author":"Schecklmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.10.015","article-title":"Asymmetry in primary auditory cortex activity in tinnitus patients and controls","volume":"256","author":"Geven","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.08.029","article-title":"Reduced sound-evoked and resting-state BOLD fMRI connectivity in tinnitus","volume":"20","author":"Hofmeier","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/5\/554\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:53:35Z","timestamp":1760162015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/5\/554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci11050554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11050554","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]}}}