{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T08:11:15Z","timestamp":1787904675843,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":250,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is a multifactorial, neurodevelopmental disorder which may involve persistent difficulties in reading (dyslexia), written expression and\/or mathematics. Dyslexia is characterized by difficulties with speed and accuracy of word reading, deficient decoding abilities, and poor spelling. Several studies from different, but complementary, scientific disciplines have investigated possible causal\/risk factors for SLD. Biological, neurological, hereditary, cognitive, linguistic-phonological, developmental and environmental factors have been incriminated. Despite worldwide agreement that SLD is highly heritable, its exact biological basis remains elusive. We herein present: (a) an update of studies that have shaped our current knowledge on the disorder\u2019s genetic architecture; (b) a discussion on whether this genetic architecture is \u2018unique\u2019 to SLD or, alternatively, whether there is an underlying common genetic background with other neurodevelopmental disorders; and, (c) a brief discussion on whether we are at a position of generating meaningful correlations between genetic findings and anatomical data from neuroimaging studies or specific molecular\/cellular pathways. We conclude with open research questions that could drive future research directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11050631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T10:54:22Z","timestamp":1620989662000},"page":"631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The Polygenic Nature and Complex Genetic Architecture of Specific Learning Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0354-0913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianthi","family":"Georgitsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9134-1083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iasonas","family":"Dermitzakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgenia","family":"Soumelidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4347-1828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Bonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Psychiatric Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, \u201cPapageorgiou\u201d General Hospital, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Education, School of Education, University of Nicosia, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2006). 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