{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T14:22:46Z","timestamp":1761402166702,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As variable after effects have been observed following phasic muscle contraction prior to continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS), we here investigated two cTBS protocols (cTBS300 and cTBS600) in 20 healthy participants employing a pre-relaxed muscle condition including visual feedback on idle peripheral surface EMG activity. Furthermore, we assessed corticospinal excitability measures also from a pre-relaxed state to better understand the potential impact of these proposed contributors to TBS. Motor-evoked potential (MEP) magnitude changes were assessed for 30 min. The linear model computed across both experimental paradigms (cTBS300 and cTBS600) revealed a main effect of TIME COURSE (p = 0.044). Separate exploratory analysis for cTBS300 revealed a main effect of TIME COURSE (p = 0.031), which did not maintain significance after Greenhouse\u2013Geisser correction (p = 0.073). For cTBS600, no main effects were observed. An exploratory analysis revealed a correlation between relative SICF at 2.0 ms (p = 0.006) and after effects (relative mean change) of cTBS600, which did not survive correction for multiple testing. Our findings thereby do not support the hypothesis of a specific excitability modulating effect of cTBS applied to the human motor-cortex in setups with pre-relaxed muscle conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11060737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T15:58:44Z","timestamp":1622563124000},"page":"737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative Study of a Continuous Train of Theta-Burst Stimulation for a Duration of 20 s (cTBS 300) versus a Duration of 40 s (cTBS 600) in a Pre-Stimulation Relaxed Condition in Healthy Volunteers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4319-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Haeckert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, BKH Augsburg, Dr.-Mack-Str. 1, 86156 Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Rothwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricci","family":"Hannah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alkomiet","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, BKH Augsburg, Dr.-Mack-Str. 1, 86156 Augsburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Nu\u00dfbaumstra\u00dfe 7, 80336 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Strube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, BKH Augsburg, Dr.-Mack-Str. 1, 86156 Augsburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Nu\u00dfbaumstra\u00dfe 7, 80336 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.01.008","article-title":"Use of Theta-Burst Stimulation in Changing Excitability of Motor Cortex: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"63","author":"Chung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.01.006","article-title":"Ten Years of Theta Burst Stimulation in Humans: Established Knowledge, Unknowns and Prospects","volume":"9","author":"Suppa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.11.009","article-title":"Neurobiological After-Effects of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Cirillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2011.557292","article-title":"Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (TES\u2014TDCS; TRNS, TACS) Methods","volume":"21","author":"Paulus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.12.026","article-title":"The Effect of Short-Duration Bursts of High-Frequency, Low-Intensity Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on the Human Motor Cortex","volume":"115","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.033","article-title":"Theta Burst Stimulation of the Human Motor Cortex","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)91715-Q","article-title":"Theta Burst Stimulation Is Optimal for Induction of LTP at Both Apical and Basal Dendritic Synapses on Hippocampal CA1 Neurons","volume":"591","author":"Capocchi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papazachariadis, O., Dante, V., Verschure, P.F.M.J., Del Giudice, P., and Ferraina, S. (2014). ITBS-Induced LTP-like Plasticity Parallels Oscillatory Activity Changes in the Primary Sensory and Motor Areas of Macaque Monkeys. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112504"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.08.016","article-title":"The Theoretical Model of Theta Burst Form of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","volume":"122","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm239","article-title":"Depression of Human Corticospinal Excitability Induced by Magnetic Theta-Burst Stimulation: Evidence of Rapid Polarity-Reversing Metaplasticity","volume":"18","author":"Gentner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.08.023","article-title":"Interindividual Variability in Response to Continuous Theta-Burst Stimulation in Healthy Adults","volume":"128","author":"Jannati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.07.043","article-title":"Inter- and Intra-Subject Variability of Motor Cortex Plasticity Following Continuous Theta-Burst Stimulation","volume":"304","author":"Vallence","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90521.2008","article-title":"Phasic Voluntary Movements Reverse the Aftereffects of Subsequent Theta-Burst Stimulation in Humans","volume":"100","author":"Iezzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6197","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4673-09.2010","article-title":"L-Type Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels: A Single Molecular Switch for Long-Term Potentiation\/Long-Term Depression-like Plasticity and Activity-Dependent Metaplasticity in Humans","volume":"30","author":"Wankerl","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.08.004","article-title":"Inter-Subject Variability of LTD-like Plasticity in Human Motor Cortex: A Matter of Preceding Motor Activation","volume":"7","author":"Goldsworthy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00240","article-title":"Physiological Processes Underlying Short Interval Intracortical Facilitation in the Human Motor Cortex","volume":"12","author":"Menon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019912","article-title":"Corticocortical Inhibition in Human Motor Cortex","volume":"471","author":"Kujirai","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.6.2870","article-title":"Intracortical Inhibition and Facilitation in Different Representations of the Human Motor Cortex","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.135749","article-title":"Short Interval Intracortical Inhibition and Facilitation during the Silent Period in Human","volume":"583","author":"Ni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-980X(96)95664-7","article-title":"Short Latency Facilitation between Pairs of Threshold Magnetic Stimuli Applied to Human Motor Cortex","volume":"101","author":"Tokimura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.12.025","article-title":"Treatment of Major Depression with Bilateral Theta Burst Stimulation: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial","volume":"156","author":"Plewnia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.08.035","article-title":"Preliminary Assessment of the Therapeutic Efficacy of Continuous Theta-Burst Magnetic Stimulation (CTBS) in Major Depression: A Double-Blind Sham-Controlled Study","volume":"170","author":"Chistyakov","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.11.009","article-title":"Different Forms of Prefrontal Theta Burst Stimulation for Executive Function of Medication- Resistant Depression: Evidence from a Randomized Sham-Controlled Study","volume":"66","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2968-5","article-title":"Direct-Current-Dependent Shift of Theta-Burst-Induced Plasticity in the Human Motor Cortex","volume":"217","author":"Hasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"625","article-title":"Effects of Voluntary Contraction on Descending Volleys Evoked by Transcranial Stimulation in Conscious Humans","volume":"508 Pt 2","author":"Restuccia","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.181bi.x","article-title":"Demonstration of Facilitatory I Wave Interaction in the Human Motor Cortex by Paired Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","volume":"511 Pt 1","author":"Ziemann","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228633","article-title":"The Effect of Lorazepam on the Motor Cortical Excitability in Man","volume":"109","author":"Ziemann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050919","article-title":"Intracortical Origin of the Short Latency Facilitation Produced by Pairs of Threshold Magnetic Stimuli Applied to Human Motor Cortex","volume":"129","author":"Rothwell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-020-05764-4","article-title":"I-Waves in Motor Cortex Revisited","volume":"238","author":"Ziemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07924.x","article-title":"The Application of Spaced Theta Burst Protocols Induces Long-Lasting Neuroplastic Changes in the Human Motor Cortex","volume":"35","author":"Goldsworthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2293-4","article-title":"Simply Longer Is Not Better: Reversal of Theta Burst after-Effect with Prolonged Stimulation","volume":"204","author":"Gamboa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.02.004","article-title":"Inter-Individual Variability in Response to Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Paradigms","volume":"7","author":"Cheeran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.10.014","article-title":"Direct Comparison of Efficacy of the Motor Cortical Plasticity Induction and the Interindividual Variability between TBS and QPS","volume":"13","author":"Tiksnadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.12.058","article-title":"Variability in Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Studies: Reasons and Results","volume":"719","author":"Guerra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294183","article-title":"Sample Size Requirements for Estimating Pearson, Kendall and Spearman Correlations","volume":"65","author":"Bonett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.12.034","article-title":"Low-Intensity, Short-Interval Theta Burst Stimulation Modulates Excitatory but Not Inhibitory Motor Networks","volume":"122","author":"Doeltgen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.11.037","article-title":"Theta-Burst Stimulation: Remote Physiological and Local Behavioral after-Effects","volume":"40","author":"Stefan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12565","article-title":"Selective Modulation of Motor Cortical Plasticity during Voluntary Contraction of the Antagonist Muscle","volume":"39","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.11.015","article-title":"What Do We Learn from the Influence of Motor Activities on the After-Effect of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation?","volume":"127","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00781.2010","article-title":"Modulation of Motor Cortex Neuronal Networks by RTMS: Comparison of Local and Remote Effects of Six Different Protocols of Stimulation","volume":"105","author":"Dileone","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2886-6","article-title":"Modulation of Cortical Motor Networks Following Primed \u03b8 Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","volume":"215","author":"Doeltgen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.06.005","article-title":"Neuroplastic Modulation of Inhibitory Motor Cortical Networks by Spaced Theta Burst Stimulation Protocols","volume":"6","author":"Goldsworthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs147","article-title":"The Role of Interneuron Networks in Driving Human Motor Cortical Plasticity","volume":"23","author":"Hamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.12.001","article-title":"Variability in Neural Excitability and Plasticity Induction in the Human Cortex: A Brain Stimulation Study","volume":"10","author":"Hordacre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/6\/737\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:09:49Z","timestamp":1760162989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/6\/737"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci11060737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11060737","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3425"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]}}}