{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:57:58Z","timestamp":1792803478419,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007802","name":"Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la Sclerosi Laterale Amiotrofica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HyperALS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HyperALS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007802","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005693","name":"Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Italy-2018 to E.F."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Italy-2018 to E.F."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Progetti di Ricerca di Ateneo-PRA-University of Pisa","award":["2020_37- to E.F."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020_37- to E.F."]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ad39j10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the progressive degeneration of spinal motor neurons as well as corticospinal (CSN) large pyramidal neurons within cortex layer V. An intense microglia immune response has been associated with both upper and lower motor neuron degeneration in ALS patients, whereas microgliosis occurrence in the motor cortex of hSOD1G93A mice\u2014the best characterized model of this disease\u2014is not clear and remains under debate. Since the impact of microglia cells in the neuronal environment seems to be crucial for both the initiation and the progression of the disease, here we analyzed the motor cortex of hSOD1G93A mice at the onset of symptoms by the immunolabeling of Iba1\/TMEM119 double positive cells and confocal microscopy. By means of Sholl analysis, we were able to identify and quantify the presence of presumably activated Iba1\/TMEM119-positive microglia cells with shorter and thicker processes as compared to the normal surveilling and more ramified microglia present in WT cortices. We strongly believe that being able to analyze microglia activation in the motor cortex of hSOD1G93A mice is of great importance for defining the timing and the extent of microglia involvement in CSN degeneration and for the identification of the initiation stages of this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11060807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T04:10:47Z","timestamp":1623989447000},"page":"807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Microglia Morphological Changes in the Motor Cortex of hSOD1G93A Transgenic ALS Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2741-269X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Migliarini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Scaricamazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0914-6511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Ferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0844-8139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Pasqualetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144244","article-title":"Unraveling the mechanisms involved in motor neuron degeneration in ALS","volume":"27","author":"Bruijn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. 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