{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:02:04Z","timestamp":1790744524847,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with Parkinson disease (PD) experience a range of non-motor symptoms, including gastrointestinal symptoms. These symptoms can be present in the prodromal phase of the disease. Recent advances in pathophysiology reveal that \u03b1-synuclein aggregates that form Lewy bodies and neurites, the hallmark of PD, are present in the enteric nervous system and may precede motor symptoms. Gastroparesis is one of the gastrointestinal involvements of PD and is characterized by delayed gastric emptying of solid food in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Gastroparesis has been reported in nearly 45% of PD. The cardinal symptoms include early satiety, postprandial fullness, nausea, and vomiting. The diagnosis requires an appropriate test to confirm delayed gastric emptying, such as gastric scintigraphy, or breath test. Gastroparesis can lead to malnutrition and impairment of quality of life. Moreover, it might interfere with the absorption of antiparkinsonian drugs. The treatment includes dietary modifications, and pharmacologic agents both to accelerate gastric emptying and relieve symptoms. Alternative treatments have been recently developed in the management of gastroparesis, and their use in patients with PD will be reported in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11070831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T11:28:41Z","timestamp":1624447721000},"page":"831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Gastroparesis in Parkinson Disease: Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1644-7272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heithem","family":"Soliman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur l\u2019Inflammation, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, Inserm UMRS 1149, 75018 Paris, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019H\u00e9pato Gastro Ent\u00e9rologie, H\u00f4pital Louis Mourier, DMU ESPRIT\u2014GHU (AP-HP), 92700 Colombes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Coffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur l\u2019Inflammation, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, Inserm UMRS 1149, 75018 Paris, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019H\u00e9pato Gastro Ent\u00e9rologie, H\u00f4pital Louis Mourier, DMU ESPRIT\u2014GHU (AP-HP), 92700 Colombes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Gourcerol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Rouen, INSERM UMR 1073, CIC-CRB 1404, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1686-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"124","author":"Tysnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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