{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:48:59Z","timestamp":1767919739780,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: In neonates and infants, the physiological modifications associated with language development are reflected in their Frequency Following Responses (FFRs) in the first few months of life. (2) Objective: This study aimed to test the FFRs of infants in the first 45 days of life in order to evaluate how auditory maturation affects the encoding of a speech syllable. (3) Method: In total, 80 healthy, normal-hearing infants, aged 3 to 45 days old, participated in this study. The sample was divided into three groups: GI, 38 neonates from 3 to 15 days; GII, 25 infants from 16 to 30 days; and GIII, 17 infants from 31 to 45 days. All participants underwent FFR testing. Results: With age, there was a decrease in the latency of all FFR waves, with statistically significant differences among the groups studied for waves V, A, E, F, and O. The mean amplitudes showed an increase, with a statistically significant difference only for wave V. The slope measure increased over the 45 days, with a statistically significant difference between GIII and GI and between GIII and GII. (4) Conclusions: The encoding of a speech sound changes with auditory maturation over the first 45 days of an infant\u2019s life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11070844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T04:46:57Z","timestamp":1624596417000},"page":"844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effect of Auditory Maturation on the Encoding of a Speech Syllable in the First Days of Life"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3244-025X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"La\u00eds","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech Therapy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Human Communication Disorders, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4978-1915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr Henryk","family":"Skarzynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Heart Failure and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Sensory Organs, 05-830 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3340-1698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena Beata","family":"Skarzynska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sensory Organs, 05-830 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 02-042 Kajetany, Poland"},{"name":"Center of Hearing and Speech Medincus, 05-830 Kajetany, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3647-3999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milaine Dominici","family":"Sanfins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-887, Brazil"},{"name":"Advanced Electrophysiology and Neuroaudiology Center, Department of Electrophysiology, S\u00e3o Paulo 04515-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliara Pinto Vieira","family":"Biaggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech Therapy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Human Communication Disorders, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht311","article-title":"Stability and plasticity of auditory brainstem function across the lifespan","volume":"25","author":"Skoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kraus, N., Samira, A., White-Schwoch, T., Fay, R.R., and Popper, A.R. (2017). Infant and Childhood Development: Intersections between Development and Language Experience. The Frequency-following Response: A Window into Human Communication, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.72.5.1218","article-title":"Speech perception as categorization","volume":"72","author":"Holt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8716","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800186115","article-title":"Linguistic effect on speech perception observed at the brainstem","volume":"115","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39511-9","article-title":"Infants\u2019 advances in speech perception shape their earliest links between language and cognition","volume":"9","author":"Perszyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3181cdb272","article-title":"Auditory brainstem response to complex sounds: A tutorial","volume":"31","author":"Skoe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraus, N., Samira, A., White-Schwoch, T., Fay, R.R., and Popper, A.R. (2017). The Frequency-Following Response: A Window into Human Communication. The Frequency-Following Response: A Window into Human Communication, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47944-6_1"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Sanfins, M.D., Garcia, M.V., Biaggio, E.P.V., and Skarzynski, P.H. (2019). The Frequency Following Response: Evaluations in Different Age Groups, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4921032","article-title":"Development of subcortical speech representation in human infants","volume":"137","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.2466\/10.22.24.PMS.111.6.765-784","article-title":"Early maturation of frequency-following responses to voice pitch in infants with normal hearing","volume":"111","author":"Jeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31821cc0df","article-title":"Cross-linguistic comparison of frequency-following responses to voice pitch in American and Chinese neonates and adults","volume":"32","author":"Jeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-H-16-0263","article-title":"Development of phase locking and frequency representation in the infant frequency-following response","volume":"60","author":"Lieberman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2015.05.014","article-title":"Speech auditory brainstem response (speech ABR) in the differential diagnosis of scholastic difficulties","volume":"83","author":"Sanfins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22538","article-title":"Myelin development, plasticity, and pathology in the auditory system","volume":"78","author":"Long","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics (2007). Joint Committee on Infant Hearing. Position statement: Principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs. Pediatrics, 120, 898\u2013921.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2333"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-18462013000600011","article-title":"Standardization of the auditory brainstem response in newborns","volume":"15","author":"Costa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. CEFAC"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.17430\/897811","article-title":"A review of the clinical applicability of speech-evoked auditory brainstem responses","volume":"6","author":"Sanfins","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hear Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077066","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging of speech perception in infants","volume":"298","author":"Dehaene","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.2466\/24.10.PMS.116.2.456-465","article-title":"Evaluation of an automated procedure for detecting frequency-following responses in American and Chinese neonates","volume":"116","author":"Jeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2018.11.006","article-title":"Brainstem auditory evoked potentials with speech stimulus in neonates","volume":"86","author":"Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.001","article-title":"The frequency-following response (FFR) to speech stimuli: A normative dataset in healthy newborns","volume":"371","author":"Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12098","article-title":"Language experienced in utero affects vowel perception after birth: A two-country study","volume":"102","author":"Moon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"222","article-title":"Language and the newborn brain: Does prenatal language experience shape the neonate neural response to speech?","volume":"21","author":"May","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2016.11.002","article-title":"Effect of hearing aids use on speech stimulus decoding through speech-evoked ABR","volume":"84","author":"Leite","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007","article-title":"Mapping brain maturation","volume":"29","author":"Toga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11070","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11070","article-title":"Cortical contributions to the auditory frequency-following response revealed by MEG","volume":"24","author":"Coffey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2007.04.002","article-title":"Early myelination patterns in the brainstem auditory nuclei and pathway: MRI evaluation study","volume":"71","author":"Sano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1387","article-title":"Early experience and brain development","volume":"8","author":"Bick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1533","article-title":"Early language acquisition: Cracking the speech code","volume":"5","author":"Kuhl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.04.003","article-title":"Brainstem responses to speech syllables","volume":"115","author":"Russo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2008.06.011","article-title":"Early myelination patterns in the central auditory pathway of the higher brain: MRI evaluation study","volume":"72","author":"Sano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/7\/844\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:23:47Z","timestamp":1760163827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/7\/844"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci11070844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11070844","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]}}}