{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T06:03:21Z","timestamp":1792476201492,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The anterior cingulate cortex is considered to play a crucial role in cognitive and affective regulation. However, this area shows a high degree of morphological interindividual variability and asymmetry. It is especially true regarding the paracingulate sulcus and paracingulate gyrus (PCG). Since the reports described in the literature are mainly based on imaging techniques, the goal of this study was to verify the classification of the PCG based on anatomical material. Special attention was given to ambiguous cases. The PCG was absent in 26.4% of specimens. The gyrus was classified as present in 28.3% of cases. The prominent type of the PCG was observed in 37.7% of the total. Occasionally, the gyrus was well-developed and roughly only a few millimeters were missing for classifying the gyrus as prominent, as it ended slightly anterior the level of the VAC. The remaining four cases involved two inconclusive types. We observed that the callosomarginal artery ran within the cingulate sulcus and provided branches that crossed the PCG. Based on Klingler\u2019s dissection technique, we observed a close relationship of the PCG with the superior longitudinal fascicle. The awareness of the anatomical variability observed within the brain cortex is an essential starting point for in-depth research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11070872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T22:39:43Z","timestamp":1625006383000},"page":"872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Revisiting the Morphology and Classification of the Paracingulate Gyrus with Commentaries on Ambiguous Cases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3631-2295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Wysiadecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4643-2605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Mazurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 33-332 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8587-2315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"Walocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 33-332 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4141-0191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Majos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological and Isotopic Diagnosis and Therapy, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1317-1047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Shane","family":"Tubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA 70433, USA"},{"name":"Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George\u2019s University, Grenada FZ 818, Grenada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8502-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe","family":"Iwanaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"},{"name":"Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"\u017bytkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polish Dialectology and Logopedics, Faculty of Philology, University of Lodz, 90-236 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"},{"name":"Norbert Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1 of the Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-1482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Radek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Spine and Peripheral Nerve Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, University Hospital WAM-CSW, 90-549 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.09.001","article-title":"Cerebral localization, then and now","volume":"20","author":"Marshall","year":"2003","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2704_6","article-title":"Luria\u2019s Theory of Brain Functioning: A Model for Research in Cognitive Psychophysiology","volume":"27","author":"Languis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Educ. 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