{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:20:36Z","timestamp":1792020036339,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Previous research has demonstrated the impairment of social cognition (SC) in people with epilepsy. It is associated with worse social functioning and quality of life; however, the influence on real-life outcomes is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate how SC is associated with epilepsy variables and real-life outcomes (education, employment and relationships) among patients with epilepsy (PWE). Methods. Eighty-one PWE completed tasks of theory of mind (ToM) (faux pas recognition (FPRT) and Happ\u00e9 Strange Stories test (HST)) and emotion recognition (ER) (Reading of the Mind in the Eyes (RMET)). Variables reflecting their education, employment and relationship status were treated as endpoints in search of association with SC. Data from a matched group (n = 30) of healthy controls (HCs) were used for comparison of ToM abilities. Results. ToM scores were lower among PWE as compared to HCs (U = 1816.0, p &lt; 0.0001 (HST), U = 1564.5, p = 0.020 (FPRT)). All SC tests were associated with the level of education (OR = 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09 to 1.36 (RMET), OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.40 (HST), OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.87 to 1.00 (FPRT)). The results of ToM and ER testing were not associated with employment (\u03c72 = 33.423, p &lt; 0.0001) if adjusted for the level of education (B = 0.804, OR = 2.23 (95% CI = 1.33 to 3.76), p = 0.002). SC abilities did not differ between PWE who were single and those in a relationship (U = 858.5, p = 0.541 (HST)), t= \u22121.236, p = 0.220 (RMET), U = 909.5, p = 0.271 (FPRT)). Conclusion. Better social cognition skills are linked to a higher level of education among PWE. SC probably has less influence on professional achievements and interpersonal relationships.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11070877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T10:03:19Z","timestamp":1625047399000},"page":"877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Impact of Social Cognition on the Real-Life of People with Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5656-4663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arminas","family":"Jasionis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurology, Vilnius University, 08661 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8527-3902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristijonas","family":"Puteikis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u016bta","family":"Mameni\u0161kien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurology, Vilnius University, 08661 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2005.00273_4.x","article-title":"Epileptic Seizures and Epilepsy: Definitions proposed by the International League against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)","volume":"46","author":"Fisher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.09.008","article-title":"Why epilepsy challenges social life","volume":"44","author":"Steiger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.01.003","article-title":"Social cognition in idiopathic generalized epilepsies and potential neuroanatomical correlates","volume":"100","author":"Guida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.09.026","article-title":"Theory of Mind impairment in focal versus generalized epilepsy","volume":"88","author":"Morou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.04.024","article-title":"Social cognition in temporal lobe epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Bora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.04.048","article-title":"Social cognition dysfunctions in patients with epilepsy: Evidence from patients with temporal lobe and idiopathic generalized epilepsies","volume":"47","author":"Realmuto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12255","article-title":"Theory of mind and epilepsy: What clinical implications?","volume":"54","author":"Giovagnoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13023","article-title":"Theory of mind and social functioning in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.11.001","article-title":"Awareness, overestimation, and underestimation of cognitive functions in epilepsy","volume":"26","author":"Giovagnoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00610.x","article-title":"The National Hospital Seizure Severity Scale: A Further Development of the Chalfont Seizure Severity Scale","volume":"37","author":"Duncan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70415-X","article-title":"Rapid detection of major depression in epilepsy: A multicentre study","volume":"5","author":"Gilliam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01278.x","article-title":"Development and Cross-Cultural Translations of a 31-Item Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory","volume":"39","author":"Cramer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"International Labour Office (2012). 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