{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:25:33Z","timestamp":1777487133548,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ricerca Corrente"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Corrente"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003197","name":"Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco, Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003197","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are used for behavioral disorders following organic diseases. After severe acquired brain injury, patients may develop frontal symptoms. In our neurological rehabilitation routine, oxcarbazepine is used for better safety over carbamazepine, although its efficacy is not clarified. We aimed to improve knowledge on this use of oxcarbazepine, by probing clinical factors associated with response. We retrospectively examined the clinical records of our patients, collecting clinical variables and outcomes of efficacy, both clinician-rated and caregiver\/self-rated. We described the distribution of clinical variables and examined their associations via logistic regressions. Patients in our cohort were predominantly pediatric, with frontal lobe damage and irritable\/reactive. With an oxcarbazepine median dose of 975 mg, almost half of patients improved. We found several clinical factors associated with clinician-rated efficacy: absence of frontal damage and absence of irritability\/reactivity symptoms; clinical factors associated with caregivers\/patients-rated efficacy were: higher DRS score at baseline and higher patient age. In this retrospective study, we observed that oxcarbazepine was differentially efficacious in patients with specific characteristics. Our study could not examine drug therapy separately from neuropsychological therapy, nor the influence of dose. Our associative results should be verified experimentally, also assessing causality and establishing dose-related efficacy and safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11070949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T10:07:37Z","timestamp":1626689257000},"page":"949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Oxcarbazepine for Behavioral Disorders after Brain Injury: Factors Influencing Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3800-5697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Pozzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Avantaggiato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Pastore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Carnovale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, \u201cLuigi Sacco\u201d University Hospital, Universit\u00e0 di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Clementi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, \u201cLuigi Sacco\u201d University Hospital, Universit\u00e0 di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8414-6565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Strazzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3109\/09638289209166422","article-title":"Severe traumatic brain injury\u2014Epidemiology and outcome after 3 years","volume":"14","author":"Annoni","year":"1992","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKay, A., Trevena-Peters, J., and Ponsford, J. (2020). The Use of Atypical Antipsychotics for Managing Agitation after Traumatic Brain Injury. J. 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