{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:10:21Z","timestamp":1790766621340,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"National Science Centre, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPUS no. 2015\/19\/B\/NZ4\/03393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPUS no. 2015\/19\/B\/NZ4\/03393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated the effects of prior stress on rats\u2019 responses to 50-kHz (appetitive) and 22-kHz (aversive) ultrasonic playback. Rats were treated with 0, 1, 6 or 10 shocks (1 s, 1.0 mA each) and were exposed to playbacks the following day. Previous findings were confirmed: (i) rats moved faster during 50-kHz playback and slowed down after 22-kHz playback; (ii) they all approached the speaker, which was more pronounced during and following 50-kHz playback than 22-kHz playback; (iii) 50-kHz playback caused heart rate (HR) increase; 22-kHz playback caused HR decrease; (iv) the rats vocalized more often during and following 50-kHz playback than 22-kHz playback. The previous shock affected the rats such that singly-shocked rats showed lower HR throughout the experiment and a smaller HR response to 50-kHz playback compared to controls and other shocked groups. Interestingly, all pre-shocked rats showed higher locomotor activity during 50-kHz playback and a more significant decrease in activity following 22-kHz playback; they vocalized more often, their ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) were longer and at a higher frequency than those of the control animals. These last two observations could point to hypervigilance, a symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in human patients. Increased vocalization may be a valuable measure of hypervigilance used for PTSD modeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11080970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T04:29:14Z","timestamp":1627014554000},"page":"970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Increased Vocalization of Rats in Response to Ultrasonic Playback as a Sign of Hypervigilance Following Fear Conditioning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Krzysztof H.","family":"Olszy\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego St, PL02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Polowy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego St, PL02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka D.","family":"Wardak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego St, PL02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneta W.","family":"Grymanowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego St, PL02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert K.","family":"Filipkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego St, PL02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2015-0015","article-title":"Electric foot shock stress: A useful tool in neuropsychiatric studies","volume":"26","author":"Bali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.023","article-title":"Understanding posttraumatic stress disorder through fear conditioning, extinction and reconsolidation","volume":"71","author":"Careaga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, C.R., Preedy, V.R., and Patel, V.B. (2014). Electric shock as model of post-traumatic stress disorder in rodents. Comprehensive Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08613-2"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0806-x","article-title":"Rodent models of post-traumatic stress disorder: Behavioral assessment","volume":"10","author":"Verbitsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00329","article-title":"The Neurobiology of Fear Generalization","volume":"12","author":"Asok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03001163","article-title":"Conditioned and unconditional components of post-shock freezing","volume":"15","author":"Fanselow","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pavlov. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.112.4.863","article-title":"The dorsal hippocampus is essential for context discrimination but not for contextual conditioning","volume":"112","author":"Frankland","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027676","article-title":"Passive and active reactions to fear-eliciting stimuli","volume":"68","author":"Blanchard","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(81)90005-1","article-title":"Acute and chronic stress effects on open field activity in the rat: Implications for a model of depression","volume":"5","author":"Katz","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.09.058","article-title":"Listening to the heart: A meta-analysis of cognitive behavior therapy impact on the heart rate of patients with anxiety disorders","volume":"172","author":"Goncalves","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.012","article-title":"Heart rate and heart rate variability in panic, social anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and generalized anxiety disorders at baseline and in response to relaxation and hyperventilation","volume":"87","author":"Pittig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00261-1","article-title":"Conditioned fear-induced tachycardia in the rat: Vagal involvement","volume":"350","author":"Nijsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1123","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00273.2011","article-title":"Metyrapone and fluoxetine suppress enduring behavioral but not cardiac effects of subchronic stress in rats","volume":"301","author":"Carnevali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.04.007","article-title":"Anxiolytic-like effects induced by acute reversible inactivation of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis","volume":"154","author":"Resstel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm232","article-title":"The expression of contextual fear conditioning involves activation of an NMDA receptor-nitric oxide pathway in the medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"18","author":"Resstel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(98)00056-4","article-title":"Discriminative fear conditioning to context expressed by multiple measures of fear in the rat","volume":"101","author":"Antoniadis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02029-1","article-title":"Conditioned fear to environmental context: Cardiovascular and behavioral components in the rat","volume":"858","author":"Carrive","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2004.02.016","article-title":"Behavioural and cardiovascular responses during latent inhibition of conditioned fear: Measurement by telemetry and conditioned freezing","volume":"154","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.113.6.1283","article-title":"Long-lasting consequences of a social conflict in rats: Behavior during the interaction predicts subsequent changes in daily rhythms of heart rate, temperature, and activity","volume":"113","author":"Meerlo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2019.12.008","article-title":"Using rat ultrasonic vocalization to study the neurobiology of emotion: From basic science to the development of novel therapeutics for affective disorders","volume":"60","author":"Burgdorf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.11.008","article-title":"Ultrasonic vocalizations as a tool in studying emotional states in rodent models of social behavior and brain disease","volume":"159","author":"Simola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-013-1607-9","article-title":"Affective communication in rodents: Ultrasonic vocalizations as a tool for research on emotion and motivation","volume":"354","author":"Wohr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(02)00321-2","article-title":"22-kHz ultrasonic vocalization in rats as an index of anxiety but not fear: Behavioral and pharmacological modulation of affective state","volume":"141","author":"Jelen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2005.07.004","article-title":"Overt behavior and ultrasonic vocalization in a fear conditioning paradigm: A dose-response study in the rat","volume":"84","author":"Wohr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn Mem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.01.014","article-title":"Ethotransmission: Communication of emotional states through ultrasonic vocalization in rats","volume":"23","author":"Brudzynski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101577","article-title":"Playback of Alarm and Appetitive Calls Differentially Impacts Vocal, Heart-Rate, and Motor Response in Rats","volume":"23","author":"Olszynski","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"e3708","article-title":"Development of the Deoxycorticosterone Acetate (DOCA)-salt Hypertensive Rat Model","volume":"10","author":"Nahey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bio Protoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3610","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4839-03.2004","article-title":"Perirhinal cortex supports delay fear conditioning to rat ultrasonic social signals","volume":"24","author":"Lindquist","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.02.002","article-title":"Playback of 22-kHz and 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations induces differential c-fos expression in rat brain","volume":"435","author":"Sadananda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1925","article-title":"Developmental social communication deficits in the Shank3 rat model of phelan-mcdermid syndrome and autism spectrum disorder","volume":"11","author":"Berg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00102","article-title":"Pro-social 50-kHz ultrasonic communication in rats: Post-weaning but not post-adolescent social isolation leads to social impairments-phenotypic rescue by re-socialization","volume":"9","author":"Seffer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.09.008","article-title":"Ultrasonic communication in rats: Effects of morphine and naloxone on vocal and behavioral responses to playback of 50-kHz vocalizations","volume":"94","author":"Wohr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wohr, M., and Schwarting, R.K. (2007). Ultrasonic communication in rats: Can playback of 50-kHz calls induce approach behavior?. PLoS ONE, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001365"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.08.001","article-title":"Removing individual rats affects indicators of welfare in the remaining group members","volume":"93","author":"Burman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2014.01.023","article-title":"Pro-social ultrasonic communication in rats: Insights from playback studies","volume":"234","author":"Seffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033204","article-title":"The incentive value of males\u2019 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations for female rats (Rattus norvegicus)","volume":"128","author":"Snoeren","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidson, N.B., and Hurst, J.L. (2019). Testing the potential of 50 kHz rat calls as a species-specific rat attractant. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211601"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112274","article-title":"Lesions of the rat basolateral amygdala reduce the behavioral response to ultrasonic vocalizations","volume":"378","author":"Schonfeld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(95)00003-2","article-title":"Behavioural responses of laboratory rats to playback of 22 kHz ultrasonic calls","volume":"57","author":"Brudzynski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/cpns.7","article-title":"Studying Socio-Affective Communication in Rats through Playback of Ultrasonic Vocalizations","volume":"75","author":"Wohr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.113251","article-title":"The effect of playback of 22-kHz and 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations on rat behaviors assessed with a modified open-field test","volume":"229","author":"Inagaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.12.005","article-title":"22 kHz and 55 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations differentially influence neural and behavioral outcomes: Implications for modeling anxiety via auditory stimuli in the rat","volume":"360","author":"Demaestri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10616","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1060-14.2014","article-title":"Phasic dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in response to pro-social 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in rats","volume":"34","author":"Willuhn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2003000500002","article-title":"Anatomical connections of the periaqueductal gray: Specific neural substrates for different kinds of fear","volume":"36","author":"Vianna","year":"2003","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koba, S., Inoue, R., and Watanabe, T. (2016). Role played by periaqueductal gray neurons in parasympathetically mediated fear bradycardia in conscious rats. Physiol. Rep., 4.","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12831"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1995.tb01213.x","article-title":"Orienting in a defensive world: Mammalian modifications of our evolutionary heritage. A Polyvagal Theory","volume":"32","author":"Porges","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009","article-title":"The polyvagal perspective","volume":"74","author":"Porges","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.76.s2.17","article-title":"The polyvagal theory: New insights into adaptive reactions of the autonomic nervous system","volume":"76","author":"Porges","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cleve Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2010.05.005","article-title":"A single footshock causes long-lasting hypoactivity in unknown environments that is dependent on the development of contextual fear conditioning","volume":"94","author":"Daviu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn Mem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2003.12.039","article-title":"Effect of paroxetine on a model of posttraumatic stress disorder in rats","volume":"357","author":"Sawamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2008.01.023","article-title":"Rats exposed to traumatic stress bury unfamiliar objects\u2014A novel measure of hyper-vigilance in PTSD models?","volume":"94","author":"Mikics","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.04.003","article-title":"Long-term neuroendocrine and behavioural effects of a single exposure to stress in adult animals","volume":"32","author":"Armario","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90094-T","article-title":"Fear-potentiated startle: Relationship to the level of state\/trait anxiety in healthy subjects","volume":"33","author":"Grillon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000338605","article-title":"Effects of chronic social isolation on Wistar rat behavior and brain plasticity markers","volume":"66","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116664450","article-title":"Neurobehavioural sequelae of social deprivation in rodents revisited: Modelling social adversity for developmental neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"30","author":"Robbins","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-004-0858-3","article-title":"Principles of rat communication: Quantitative parameters of ultrasonic calls in rats","volume":"35","author":"Brudzynski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karwicka, W., Wiatrowska, M., Kondrakiewicz, K., Knapska, E., Kursa, M.B., and Hamed, A. (2021). Relaying Aversive Ultrasonic Alarm Calls Depends on Previous Experience. Empathy, Social Buffering, or Panic?. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202105.0115.v1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2004.09.004","article-title":"Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways in fear conditioning","volume":"74","author":"Pezze","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.06.006","article-title":"Dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonism effects on rat ultrasonic vocalizations","volume":"252","author":"Ringel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00118","article-title":"Vagal modulation of resting heart rate in rats: The role of stress, psychosocial factors, and physical exercise","volume":"5","author":"Carnevali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.01.013","article-title":"Focusing attention on biological markers of acute stressor intensity: Empirical evidence and limitations","volume":"111","author":"Armario","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200107000-00011","article-title":"A meta-analytic examination of basal cardiovascular activity in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"63","author":"Buckley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.5.725","article-title":"The psychophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis","volume":"133","author":"Pole","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/8\/970\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:33:45Z","timestamp":1760164425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/8\/970"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci11080970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11080970","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]}}}