{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T07:57:04Z","timestamp":1793779024924,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010946","name":"School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["unknown"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["unknown"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010946","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010629","name":"Fulbright Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["unknown"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["unknown"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010629","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dyslexic adolescents demonstrate deficits in word decoding, recognition, and oculomotor coordination as compared to healthy controls. Our lab recently showed intrinsic deficits in large saccades and vergence movements with a Remobi device independent from reading. This shed new light on the field of dyslexia, as it has been debated in the literature whether the deficits in eye movements are a cause or consequence of reading difficulty. The present study investigates how these oculomotor problems are compensated for or aggravated by text difficulty. A total of 46 dyslexic and 41 non-dyslexic adolescents\u2019 eye movements were analyzed while reading L\u2019Alouette, a dyslexia screening test, and 35 Kilos D\u2019Espoir, a children\u2019s book with a reading age of 10 years. While reading the more difficult text, dyslexics made more mistakes, read slower, and made more regressive saccades; moreover, they made smaller amplitude saccades with abnormal velocity profiles (e.g., higher peak velocity but lower average velocity) and significantly higher saccade disconjugacy. While reading the simpler text, these differences persisted; however, the difference in saccade disconjugacy, although present, was no longer significant, nor was there a significant difference in the percentage of regressive saccades. We propose that intrinsic eye movement abnormalities in dyslexics such as saccade disconjugacy, abnormal velocity profiles, and cognitively associated regressive saccades can be particularly exacerbated if the reading text relies heavily on word decoding to extract meaning; increased number of regressive saccades are a manifestation of reading difficulty and not a problem of eye movement per se. These interpretations are in line with the motor theory of visual attention and our previous research describing the relationship between binocular motor control, attention, and cognition that exists outside of the field of dyslexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11080990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:18:31Z","timestamp":1627388311000},"page":"990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Dyslexics\u2019 Fragile Oculomotor Control Is Further Destabilized by Increased Text Difficulty"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5358-3535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey M.","family":"Ward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRIS Lab, Neurophysiology of Binocular Motor Control and Vision, CNRS UAR 2022 Neurosciences, UFR Biomedical, University of Paris, 45 Rue des Saints P\u00e8res, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoi","family":"Kapoula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRIS Lab, Neurophysiology of Binocular Motor Control and Vision, CNRS UAR 2022 Neurosciences, UFR Biomedical, University of Paris, 45 Rue des Saints P\u00e8res, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.3.372","article-title":"Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research","volume":"124","author":"Rayner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. 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