{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T03:56:58Z","timestamp":1772337418341,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the deadliest form of brain tumors. To date, the GBM therapeutical approach consists of surgery, radiation-therapy and chemotherapy combined with molecules improving cancer responsiveness to treatments. In this review, we will present a brief overview of the GBM classification and pathogenesis, as well as the therapeutic approach currently used. Then, we will focus on the modulatory role exerted by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, known as PACAP, on GBM malignancy. Specifically, we will describe PACAP ability to interfere with GBM cell proliferation, as well as the tumoral microenvironment. Considering its anti-oncogenic role in GBM, synthesis of PACAP agonist molecules may open new perspectives for combined therapy to existing gold standard treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11080994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T05:23:48Z","timestamp":1627449828000},"page":"994","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Multimodal Role of PACAP in Glioblastoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Agata Grazia","family":"D\u2019Amico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0173-4885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grazia","family":"Maugeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6314-6029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Vanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1856-0308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Pittal\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Reglodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Department of Anatomy, University of P\u00e9cs Medical School, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1114-8265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Velia","family":"D\u2019Agata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevOncog.2014011777","article-title":"Glioblastoma heterogeneity and cancer cell plasticity","volume":"19","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. 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