{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T12:42:54Z","timestamp":1782564174341,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a chronic disease that affects ~40 million people worldwide. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are common in individuals with HIV-1 Infection, and represent a recent public health problem. Here we evaluate the performance of a recently proposed short protocol for detecting HAND by studying 60 individuals with HIV-1-Infection and 60 seronegative controls from a Caribbean community in Barranquilla, Colombia. The short evaluation protocol used significant neuropsychological tests from a previous study of asymptomatic HIV-1 infected patients and a group of seronegative controls. Brief screening instruments, i.e., the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS), were also applied. Using machine-learning techniques, we derived predictive models of HAND status, and evaluated their performance with the ROC curves. The proposed short protocol performs exceptionally well yielding sensitivity, specificity, and overall prediction values &gt;90%, and better predictive capacity than that of the MMSE and IHDS. Community-specific cut-off values for HAND diagnosis, based on the MMSE and IHDS, make this protocol suitable for HAND screening in individuals from this Caribbean community. This study shows the effectivity of a recently proposed short protocol to detect HAND in individuals with asymptomatic HIV-1-Infection. The application of community-specific cut-off values for HAND diagnosis in the clinical setting may improve HAND screening accuracy and facilitate patients\u2019 treatment and follow-up. Further studies are needed to assess the performance of this protocol in other Latin American populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11081037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T08:47:52Z","timestamp":1628066872000},"page":"1037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Utility of a Short Neuropsychological Protocol for Detecting HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders in Patients with Asymptomatic HIV-1 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Martha","family":"Martinez-Banfi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Jur\u00eddicas y Sociales, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3146-7899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge I.","family":"V\u00e9lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0830-1700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mois\u00e9s R.","family":"Mebarak Chams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Arcos-Holzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Psiquiatr\u00eda (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatr\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaciones M\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7330-6356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan E.","family":"Acosta-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Jur\u00eddicas y Sociales, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Victoria","family":"Perea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8529-0574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Arcos-Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Psiquiatr\u00eda (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatr\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaciones M\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4075-4483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Ladera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.17081\/psico.18.33.58","article-title":"Discrimination Against Women Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) By Members of Their Own Family","volume":"18","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psicogente"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"ONUSIDA (2020, January 30). 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