{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T12:12:06Z","timestamp":1780488726078,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional neuroimaging studies have highlighted the roles of three networks in processing language, all of which are typically left-lateralized: a ventral stream involved in semantics, a dorsal stream involved in phonology and speech production, and a more dorsal \u201cmultiple demand\u201d network involved in many effortful tasks. As lateralization in all networks may be affected by life factors such as age, literacy, education, and brain pathology, we sought to develop a task paradigm with which to investigate the engagement of these networks, including manipulations to selectively emphasize semantic and phonological processing within a single task performable by almost anyone regardless of literacy status. In young healthy participants, we administered an auditory word monitoring task, in which participants had to note the occurrence of a target word within a continuous story presented in either their native language, Portuguese, or the unknown language, Japanese. Native language task performance activated ventral stream language networks, left lateralized but bilateral in the anterior temporal lobe. Unfamiliar language performance, being more difficult, activated left hemisphere dorsal stream structures and the multiple demand network bilaterally, but predominantly in the right hemisphere. These findings suggest that increased demands on phonological processing to accomplish word monitoring in the absence of semantic support may result in the bilateral recruitment of networks involved in speech perception under more challenging conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11081063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T05:34:46Z","timestamp":1628832886000},"page":"1063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Engagement of Language and Domain General Networks during Word Monitoring in a Native and Unknown Language"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3331-0956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Cotosck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FNI\u2013Functional Neuroimaging, LIM 4\u2013Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica 44 (Laboratory of Medical Investigation 44), Department of Radiology, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jed","family":"Meltzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1502-9215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Nucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FNI\u2013Functional Neuroimaging, LIM 4\u2013Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica 44 (Laboratory of Medical Investigation 44), Department of Radiology, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Lukasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FNI\u2013Functional Neuroimaging, LIM 4\u2013Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica 44 (Laboratory of Medical Investigation 44), Department of Radiology, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andr\u00e9 09210-580, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5612-457X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Let\u00edcia","family":"Mansur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edson","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FNI\u2013Functional Neuroimaging, LIM 4\u2013Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica 44 (Laboratory of Medical Investigation 44), Department of Radiology, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2113","article-title":"The cortical organization of speech processing","volume":"8","author":"Hickok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. 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