{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T14:27:18Z","timestamp":1784903238629,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Little data are available for women diagnosed with a dual diagnosis. However, dual diagnosis in women presents increased stigma, social penalties, and barriers to access to treatment than it does for men. Indeed, it increases the probability of suffering physical or sexual abuse, violent victimization, gender-based violence, unemployment, social exclusion, social-role problems, and physical and psychiatric comorbidities. Thus, a transversal sex and gender-based perspective is required to adequately study and treat dual diagnosis. For this, sex and gender factors should be included in every scientific analysis; professionals should review their own prejudices and stereotypes and train themselves specifically from a gender perspective; administrations should design and provide specific treatment resources for women; and we could all contribute to a structural social transformation that goes beyond gender mandates and norms and reduces the risk of abuse and violence inflicted on women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11081101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T21:42:12Z","timestamp":1629668532000},"page":"1101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Gender Perspective in Dual Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Torrens-Melich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Aut\u00f2noma University, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Orengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"El Grao Addictive Behaviours Unit, Clinical Hospital Valencia, 46024 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4516-5795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Rodr\u00edguez de Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychobiology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0580-664X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Almod\u00f3var","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Cardenal-Herrera-CEU University, 12006 Castell\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"TXP Investigation Group, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, 12006 Castell\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Baquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TXP Investigation Group, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, 12006 Castell\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Proyecto Amig\u00f3-Proyecto Hombre Foundation, 12005 Castell\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0785-3570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TXP Investigation Group, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, 12006 Castell\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Torrente Mental Health Unit, General University Hospital, 46900 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2012.709223","article-title":"Gender Differences in Dually Diagnosed Outpatients","volume":"34","author":"Miquel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Subst. 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