{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:46:40Z","timestamp":1790729200553,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008361","name":"Scleroseforeningen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R521-A35079-B27314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R521-A35079-B27314"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009910","name":"Hartmann Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A33526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A33526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009910","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008264","name":"Karen A. Tolstrups Fond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Karen A Tolstrups Fond"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Karen A Tolstrups Fond"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008242","name":"Direkt\u00f8r Ejnar Jonasson Kaldet Johnsen og Hustrus Mindelegat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Johnsen"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Johnsen"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fonden for neurologisk forskning","award":["Fonden for neurologisk forskning"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fonden for neurologisk forskning"]}]},{"name":"Sundheds og \u00c6ldreministeriet","award":["Sundheds og \u00c6ldreministeriet"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Sundheds og \u00c6ldreministeriet"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Disease or acquired damage to the central nervous system frequently causes disabling spasticity and central neuropathic pain (NP), both of which are frequent in multiple sclerosis (MS) and spinal cord injury (SCI). Patients with MS and SCI often request treatment with cannabis-based medicine (CBM). However, knowledge about effects, side effects, choice of active cannabinoids (\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) alone or in combination), and doses of CBM remains limited. Using a double-blind, parallel design in a national multicenter cohort, this study examines the effect of CBM on spasticity and NP. Patients are randomized to treatment with capsules containing either THC, CBD, THC and CBD, or placebo. Primary endpoints are patient-reported pain and spasticity on a numerical rating scale. Other endpoints include quality of life and sleep, depression and anxiety, and relief of pain and spasticity. Side-effects of CBM are described. In a sub-study, the pharmacodynamics (PD) and pharmacokinetics (PK) of oral capsule CBM are examined. We expect that the study will contribute to the literature by providing information on the effects and side-effects of CBD, THC, and the combination of the two for central neuropathic pain and spasticity. Furthermore, we will describe the PD\/PK of THC and CBD in a patient population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11091212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T21:47:21Z","timestamp":1631656041000},"page":"1212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Effect of Cannabis-Based Medicine on Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Spinal Cord Injury: Study Protocol of a National Multicenter Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9133-2769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie Schj\u00f8dtz","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1554-6623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rikke Middelhede","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Centre of Western Denmark Viborg Regional Hospital, DK-8800 Viborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5633-2600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thor","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital of Southern Jutland and Research Unit in Neurology, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8379-0938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Gustavsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette Bang","family":"Oturai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finn","family":"Sellebjerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4905-1004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva Aggerholm","family":"S\u00e6dder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9302-4946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helge","family":"Kasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Viborg Regional Hospital, DK-8800 Viborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6417-7743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter Vestergaard","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5541-0240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nanna Brix","family":"Finnerup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"},{"name":"Danish Pain Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina Bacher","family":"Svendsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000492","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: An updated grading system for research and clinical practice","volume":"157","author":"Finnerup","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foley, P.L., Vesterinen, H.M., Laird, B.J., Sena, E.S., Colvin, L.A., Chandran, S., Macleod, M.R., and Fallon, M.T. (2013). Prevalence and natural history of pain in adults with multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain, 632\u2013642.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.12.002"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.01.015","article-title":"Sensory function and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis and pain","volume":"114","author":"Svendsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.13.3","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis spasticity daily management: Retrospective data from Europe","volume":"13","author":"Berger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101197","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in the spinal cord injured: An epidemiological questionnaire investigation, including a normal population","volume":"39","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.905","article-title":"Neuropathic pain prevalence following spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Burke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.46","article-title":"Pain, spasticity and quality of life in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury in Denmark","volume":"54","author":"Andresen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.025","article-title":"Optimizing the Management of Disabling Spasticity Following Spinal Cord Damage: The Ability Network\u2014An International Initiative","volume":"97","author":"Burns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516643600","article-title":"Pharmacological management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and consensus paper","volume":"22","author":"Comi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70251-0","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Finnerup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pertwee, R.G. (2014). Handbook of Cannabis, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199662685.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6358","article-title":"Cannabinoids for medical use: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"313","author":"Whiting","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e183485","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.3485","article-title":"Assessment of Efficacy and Tolerability of Medicinal Cannabinoids in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Papaseit","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000363","article-title":"Systematic Review: Efficacy and Safety of Medical Marijuana in Selected Neurologic Disorders","volume":"82","author":"Koppel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2105","article-title":"Cannabis use in persons with traumatic spinal cord injury in Denmark","volume":"49","author":"Andresen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Scleroseforeningen (2019). Cannabis Som Medicin Blandt Mennesker Med Sclerose\u2014Holdninger, Erfaringer og Barrierer, Scleroseforeningen."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.05.008","article-title":"Illegal cannabis use is common among Danes with multiple sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Gustavsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.09.008","article-title":"Attitudes to cannabis and patterns of use among Canadians with multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Banwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000127707.07621.72","article-title":"Patterns of cannabis use among patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"62","author":"Clark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"103","article-title":"Molecular Targes of the Phytocannabinoids\u2014A Complex Picture","volume":"103","author":"Morales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Chem. Org. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01671.x","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors: Where they are and what they do","volume":"20","author":"Mackie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2017.19.3\/glafaye","article-title":"Cannabis, cannabinoids and health","volume":"19","author":"Lafaye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg143","article-title":"Cannabis and the brain","volume":"126","author":"Iversen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30032-8","article-title":"Safety, efficacy, and mechanisms of action of cannabinoids in neurological disorders","volume":"18","author":"Friedman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x","article-title":"Taming THC: Potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects","volume":"16","author":"Russo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707442","article-title":"The diverse CB 1 and CB 2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: \u0394 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and \u0394 9-tetrahydrocannabivarin","volume":"153","author":"Pertwee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, \u00c9., and Vlachou, S. (2020). A Critical Review of the Role of the Cannabinoid Compounds \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) and their Combination in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25214930"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2018.1474730","article-title":"Cannabis and cannabinoid drug development: Evaluating botanical versus single molecule approaches","volume":"30","author":"Loflin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13710","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids","volume":"84","author":"Lucas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14738-1","article-title":"Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): Multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"362","author":"Zajicek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302468","article-title":"MUltiple Sclerosis and Extract of Cannabis: Results of the MUSEC trial","volume":"83","author":"Zajicek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.110837","article-title":"Smoked cannabis for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"184","author":"Wolfson","year":"2012","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510367462","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of Sativex (nabiximols), on spasticity in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Wade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mares, J., Ratcliffe, S., Novakova, I., Vachova, M., Gasperini, C., Pozzilli, C., Rossii, P., Ambler, Z., and Stelmasiak, Z. (2011). A Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled, parallel-group enriched-design study of nabiximol (Sativex), as add-on therapy, in subject with refractory spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. Eur. J. Neurol., 18.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03328.x"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01639.x","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Collin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102805","article-title":"Short and long term effects of Nabiximols on balance and walking assessed by 3D-gait analysis in people with Multiple Sclerosis and spasticity","volume":"51","author":"Siani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Danish Health and Medicines Authority, and Sativex Produktresum\u00e9 (2021, September 08). In Produktresum\u00e9 for Sativex Mundhulespray. Available online: http:\/\/media.medicininstruktioner.se\/Assets\/Document\/577\/Sativex_pligttekst.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101982","article-title":"The treatment of spasticity with \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"45","author":"Hagenbach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.12.025","article-title":"A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Crossover Pilot Study Assessing the Effect of Nabilone on Spasticity in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"91","author":"Pooyania","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000176753.45410.8b","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Rog","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38149.566979.AE","article-title":"Does the cannabinoid dronabinol reduce central pain in multiple sclerosis? Randomised double blind placebo controlled crossover trial","volume":"329","author":"Svendsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1159\/000481089","article-title":"Dronabinol Is a Safe Long-Term Treatment Option for Neuropathic Pain Patients","volume":"78","author":"Schimrigk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"e78","article-title":"Systematic review of systematic reviews for medical cannabinoids","volume":"64","author":"Allan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0814-x","article-title":"The Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Treating Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of Reviews","volume":"18","author":"Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001929","article-title":"Cannabinoids, cannabis, and cannabis-based medicine for pain management: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"126","author":"Fisher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IASP Presidential Task Force on Cannabis and Cannabinoid Analgesia (2021). IASP International Association for the Study of Pain presidential task force on cannabis and cannabinoid analgesia position statement. Pain, 162, S1\u2013S2.","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002265"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0155","article-title":"The effects of cannabis among adults with chronic painandan overview of general harms a systematic review","volume":"167","author":"Nugent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.04.006","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis, cannabis, and cognition: A structural MRI study","volume":"8","author":"Romero","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.08.028","article-title":"Sativex successfully treats neuropathic pain characterised by allodynia: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"133","author":"Nurmikko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10111704","article-title":"The Columbia\u2013Suicide Severity Rating Scale: Initial Validity and Internal Consistency Findings from Three Multisite Studies with Adolescents and Adults","volume":"168","author":"Posner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx030","article-title":"Sensitive determination of cannabinoids in whole blood by LC-MS-MS after rapid removal of phospholipids by filtration","volume":"41","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.01.004","article-title":"Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing","volume":"49","author":"MacCallum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494809105286","article-title":"Danish EQ-5D population norms","volume":"37","author":"Gudex","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2003.12.024","article-title":"Development and validation of the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory","volume":"108","author":"Bouhassira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90053-9","article-title":"Reliability of the Tone Assessment Scale and the Modified Ashworth Scale as Clinical Tools for Assessing Poststroke Spasticity","volume":"80","author":"Gregson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0488-5","article-title":"The Spectrum of Functional Rating Scales in Neurology Clinical Trials","volume":"14","author":"Narayanaswami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2005.07.006","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)","volume":"21","author":"Tombaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12463","article-title":"The Symbol Digit Modalities Test as sentinel test for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Cleynhens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"59","article-title":"Upper extremity Function in Multiple Sclerosis: Improving Assessment Sensitivity with Box -and-Block and Nine-Hole Peg Test","volume":"69","author":"Goodkin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.12.007","article-title":"The validity and reliability of screening measures for depression and anxiety disorders in multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Marrie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6177(03)00039-8","article-title":"Trail Making Test A and B: Normative data stratified by age and education","volume":"19","author":"Tombaugh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2011.03.005","article-title":"Assessing symptom profiles in neuropathic pain clinical trials: Can it improve outcome?","volume":"15","author":"Attal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Biering-S\u00f8rensen, B., Finnderup, N.B., Kasch, H., H\u00f8jsted, J., Rotb\u00f8ll, P., Tollund, C., Enggaard, T., and Handberg, G. (2021, September 08). National Behandlingsvejledning for Neuropatiske Smerter\u2013Farmakologisk Behandling af Voksne. Available online: https:\/\/neuro.dk\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/National-behandlingsvejledning-neuropatiske-smerter_version29.12.17.pdf."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/9\/1212\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:02:40Z","timestamp":1760166160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/9\/1212"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci11091212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11091212","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]}}}