{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T12:34:49Z","timestamp":1789734889815,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007637","name":"Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (COLCIENCIAS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1253-5453-1644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1253-5453-1644"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007637","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Temporal processing (TP) is associated with functions such as perception, verbal skills, temporal perspective, and future planning, and is intercorrelated with working memory, attention, and inhibitory control, which are highly impaired in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here we evaluate TP measures as potential endophenotypes in Caribbean families ascertained from probands affected by ADHD. A total of 232 individuals were recruited and clinically evaluated using an extensive battery of neuropsychological tasks and reaction time (RT)-based task paradigms. Further, the heritability (genetic variance underpinning phenotype) was estimated as a measure of the genetics apportionment. A predictive framework for ADHD diagnosis was derived using these tasks. We found that individuals with ADHD differed from controls in neuropsychological tasks assessing mental control, visual-verbal memory, verbal fluency, verbal, and semantic fluency. In addition, TP measures such as RT, errors, and variability were also affected in individuals with ADHD. Moreover, we determined that only omission and commission errors had significant heritability. In conclusion, we have disentangled omission and commission errors as possible TP endophenotypes in ADHD, which can be suitable to assess the neurobiological and genetic basis of ADHD. A predictive model using these endophenotypes led to remarkable sensitivity, specificity, precision and classification rate for ADHD diagnosis, and may be a useful tool for patients\u2019 diagnosis, follow-up, and longitudinal assessment in the clinical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11091218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T21:47:11Z","timestamp":1631742431000},"page":"1218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Impulsive and Omission Errors: Potential Temporal Processing Endophenotypes in ADHD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7330-6356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan E.","family":"Acosta-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Jur\u00eddicas y Sociales, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1080-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychology and Conduct Research Group, University of San Buenaventura, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha L.","family":"Cervantes-Henr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Jur\u00eddicas y Sociales, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia"},{"name":"Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha L.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Banfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Jur\u00eddicas y Sociales, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Semiramis G.","family":"Lozano-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Jur\u00eddicas y Sociales, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3825-9478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostapha","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Jur\u00eddicas y Sociales, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9991-8983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilmar","family":"Pineda-Alhucema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Jur\u00eddicas y Sociales, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz M.","family":"Noguera-Machac\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Jur\u00eddicas y Sociales, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3067-1609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mois\u00e9s De La","family":"Hoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Jur\u00eddicas y Sociales, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsy","family":"Mej\u00eda-Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Jur\u00eddicas y Sociales, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giomar","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Jur\u00eddicas y Sociales, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Jur\u00eddicas y Sociales, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio A.","family":"Mastronardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INPAC Research Group, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Sanitas, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Arcos-Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Psiquiatr\u00eda (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatr\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaciones M\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3146-7899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge I.","family":"V\u00e9lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8702-626X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro J.","family":"Puentes-Rozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Jur\u00eddicas y Sociales, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Universidad del Atl\u00e1ntico, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e994","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3482","article-title":"Prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt261","article-title":"ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: An updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"43","author":"Polanczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. 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