{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:30:41Z","timestamp":1790760641427,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Correct in vivo diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) helps to avoid administration of disease-modifying treatments in non-AD patients, and allows the possible use of such treatments in clinically atypical AD patients. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers offer a tool for AD diagnosis. A reduction in CSF \u03b2-amyloid (marker of amyloid plaque burden), although compatible with Alzheimer\u2019s pathological change, may also be observed in other dementing disorders, including vascular cognitive disorders due to subcortical small-vessel disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Thus, for the diagnosis of AD, an abnormal result of CSF \u03b2-amyloid may not be sufficient, and an increase in phospho-tau (marker of tangle pathology) is also required in order to confirm AD diagnosis in patients with a typical amnestic presentation and reveal underlying AD in patients with atypical or mixed and diagnostically confusing clinical presentations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11101258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T09:59:15Z","timestamp":1632391155000},"page":"1258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in the Era of Disease-Modifying Treatments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"George P.","family":"Paraskevas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cAttikon\u201d General University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Neurochemistry and Biological Markers Unit, \u201cEginition\u201d Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Kapaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Neurochemistry and Biological Markers Unit, \u201cEginition\u201d Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-7508-8_8","article-title":"Neuropathology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A critical update","volume":"54","author":"Jellinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"34","author":"McKhann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.12.1854","article-title":"Research evaluation and diagnosis of probable Alzheimer\u2019s disease over the last two decades: I","volume":"55","author":"Lopez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"2","article-title":"Atypical presentations of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Beyond amnestic dementia","volume":"1","author":"Tsantzali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Investig."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182815547","article-title":"Clinicopathologic differences among patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia","volume":"80","author":"Mendez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70289-7","article-title":"Posterior cortical atrophy","volume":"11","author":"Crutch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.216","article-title":"Primary progressive aphasia: Clinicopathological correlations","volume":"6","author":"Grossman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"66","article-title":"Corticobasal degeneration and corticobasal syndrome: A review","volume":"1","author":"Constantinides","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2015.148","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease\u2013subcortical vascular disease spectrum in a hospital-based setting: Overview of results from the Gothenburg MCI and dementia studies","volume":"36","author":"Wallin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.07.008","article-title":"Phenotypic differences based on staging of Alzheimer\u2019s neuropathology in autopsy-confirmed dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"31","author":"Peavy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25847","article-title":"Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Associated with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"88","author":"Yardimci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","article-title":"The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Albert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-199205000-00004","article-title":"Clinically diagnosed Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Neuropathologic findings in 650 cases","volume":"6","author":"Mendez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.2000","article-title":"Association of Amyloid Positron Emission Tomography With Subsequent Change in Clinical Management Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia","volume":"321","author":"Rabinovici","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1994.00540210060013","article-title":"Clinical-neuropathological correlations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias","volume":"51","author":"Galasko","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1159\/000348408","article-title":"Differences in drug therapy between dementia disorders in the Swedish dementia registry: A nationwide study of over 7,000 patients. Dement","volume":"35","author":"Johnell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19323","article-title":"The antibody aducanumab reduces A\u03b2 plaques in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"537","author":"Sevigny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration (2021, September 11). FDA\u2019s Decision to Approve New Treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Available online: www.fda.gov\/drugs\/news-events-human-drugs\/fdas-decision-approve-new-treatment-alzheimers-disease."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration (2021, September 11). Aducanumab Prescribing Information, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2021\/761178s003lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Biogen (2021, September 11). EMERGE and ENGAGE Topline Results: Two Phase 3 Studies to Evaluate Aducanumab in Patients with Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Available online: https:\/\/investors.biogen.com\/static-files\/ddd45672-9c7e-4c99-8a06-3b557697c06f."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.3854","article-title":"Evaluation of aducanumab for Alzheimer disease: Scientific evidence and regulatory review involving efficacy, safety, and futility","volume":"325","author":"Alexander","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12213","article-title":"Failure to demonstrate efficacy of aducanumab: An analysis of the EMERGE and ENGAGE trials as reported by Biogen, December 2019","volume":"17","author":"Knopman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05497-4","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The controversial approval of Aducanumab","volume":"42","author":"Tagliavini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cummings, J., and Salloway, S. (2021). Aducanumab: Appropriate use recommendations. Alzheimers Dement.","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2022.34"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGrowder, D.A., Miller, F., Vaz, K., Nwokocha, C., Wilson-Clarke, C., Anderson-Cross, M., Brown, J., Anderson-Jackson, L., Williams, L., and Latore, L. (2021). Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020215"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"183","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for cognitive disorders. An introductory overview","volume":"7","author":"Paraskevas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","article-title":"The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"McKhann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70090-0","article-title":"Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The IWG-2 criteria","volume":"13","author":"Dubois","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020070079","article-title":"CSF levels of tau, beta-amyloid(1-42) and GAP-43 in frontotemporal dementia, other types of dementia and normal aging","volume":"107","author":"Minthon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2006.258","article-title":"Analytical performance and clinical utility of the INNOTEST PHOSPHO-TAU181P assay for discrimination between Alzheimer\u2019s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"44","author":"Vanderstichele","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02815140","article-title":"Tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid: A biochemical marker for axonal degeneration in Alzheimer disease?","volume":"26","author":"Blennow","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Chem. Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-140771","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 42\/40 CSF concentration ratio in the diagnostics of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Validation of two novel assays","volume":"43","author":"Lewczuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"319","article-title":"Biomarker-based diagnosis of cognitive disorders in a case series","volume":"7","author":"Kapaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160494","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers as a Diagnostic Tool of the Underlying Pathology of Primary Progressive Aphasia","volume":"55","author":"Paraskevas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.11.016","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker profiling in corticobasal degeneration: Application of the AT(N) and other classification systems","volume":"82","author":"Constantinides","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02387.x","article-title":"CSF biomarker profile and diagnostic value in vascular dementia","volume":"16","author":"Paraskevas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallin, A., Kapaki, E., Boban, M., Engelborghs, S., Hermann, D.M., Huisa, B., Jonsson, M., Kramberger, M.G., Lossi, L., and Malojcic, B. (2017). Biochemical markers in vascular cognitive impairment associated with subcortical small vessel disease\u2014A consensus report. BMC Neurol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-017-0877-3"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1159\/000500567","article-title":"In vivo Prevalence of Alzheimer Biomarkers in Dementia with Lewy Bodies","volume":"47","author":"Paraskevas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.09.008","article-title":"Recommendations for CSF AD biomarkers in the diagnostic evaluation of dementia","volume":"13","author":"Simonsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002923","article-title":"A\/T\/N: An unbiased descriptive classification scheme for Alzheimer disease biomarkers","volume":"87","author":"Jack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","article-title":"NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226ra30","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007901","article-title":"Longitudinal change in CSF biomarkers in autosomal-dominant Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Fagan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.4668","article-title":"Prevalence of cerebral amyloid pathology in persons without dementia: A meta-analysis","volume":"313","author":"Jansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3391","article-title":"Association of Cerebral Amyloid-\u03b2 Aggregation With Cognitive Functioning in Persons Without Dementia","volume":"75","author":"Jansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.12.003","article-title":"Biomarker modeling of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"80","author":"Jack","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.155","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid levels of \u03b2-amyloid 1-42, but not of tau, are fully changed already 5 to 10 years before the onset of Alzheimer dementia","volume":"69","author":"Buchhave","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.003","article-title":"Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Sperling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chipi, E., Salvadori, N., Farotti, L., and Parnetti, L. (2019). Biomarker-Based Signature of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in Pre-MCI Individuals. Brain Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9090213"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paraskevas, G.P., Constantinides, V.C., Pyrgelis, E.S., and Kapaki, E. (2019). Mixed Small Vessel Disease in a Patient with Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Brain Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9070159"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01593.x","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid tau, phospho-tau181 and beta-amyloid1-42 in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: A discrimination from Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Kapaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"109","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.71.3.401","article-title":"Highly increased CSF tau protein and decreased beta-amyloid (1\u201342) in sporadic CJD: A discrimination from Alzheimer\u2019s disease?","volume":"71","author":"Kapaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827f0fd1","article-title":"Criteria for the diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration","volume":"80","author":"Armstrong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170803","article-title":"Update on Vascular Cognitive Impairment Associated with Subcortical Small-Vessel Disease","volume":"62","author":"Wallin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.6.778","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease comorbidity in normal pressure hydrocephalus: Prevalence and shunt response","volume":"68","author":"Golomb","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"959257","article-title":"CSF Biomarkers Profile in CADASIL-A Model of Pure Vascular Dementia: Usefulness in Differential Diagnosis in the Dementia Disorder","volume":"2010","author":"Formichi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.12.46","article-title":"Recommendations to standardize preanalytical confounding factors in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers: An update","volume":"6","author":"Mollenhauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.05.2243","article-title":"The Alzheimer\u2019s Association external quality control program for cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers","volume":"7","author":"Mattsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"EU Joint Programme\u2014Neurodegenerative Disease Research (2021, September 11). Biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Parkinson\u2019s Disease (BIOMARKAPD). Available online: https:\/\/www.neurodegenerationresearch.eu\/fileadmin\/Project_Fact_Sheets\/PDFs\/Biomarkers\/BIOMARKAPD_Fact_Sheet_Template.pdf."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Bourbouli, M., Kapaki, E., Petropoulou, O., and Paraskevas, G.P. (2018). Improved Performance of CSF dementia biomarker measurements over time: The effect of quality control and harmonization programs. Biomarks Appl."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.01.010","article-title":"CSF biomarker variability in the Alzheimer\u2019s Association quality control program","volume":"9","author":"Mattsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150953","article-title":"Diagnostic Impact of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker (Pre-)Analytical Variability in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"51","author":"Niemantsverdriet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2017.1375556","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarkers for neurodegenerative dementias: An update of the Consensus of the Task Force on Biological Markers in Psychiatry of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"19","author":"Lewczuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogelgsang, J., Vukovich, R., Wedekind, D., and Wiltfang, J. (2019). Higher Level of Mismatch in APOE\u03b54 Carriers for Amyloid-Beta Peptide Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Biomarkers in Cerebrospinal Fluid. ASN Neuro, 11.","DOI":"10.1177\/1759091419845524"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170327","article-title":"The Cerebrospinal Fluid A\u03b21-42\/A\u03b21-40 Ratio Improves Concordance with Amyloid-PET for Diagnosing Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in a Clinical Setting","volume":"60","author":"Niemantsverdriet","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouilly, D., Tisserand, C., Nogueira, L., Saint-Lary, L., Rousseau, V., Benaiteau, M., Rafiq, M., Carlier, J., Milongo-Rigal, E., and Pag\u00e8s, J.C. (2021). Taking the A Train? Limited Consistency of A\u03b242 and the A\u03b242\/40 Ratio in the AT(N) Classification. J. Alzheimers Dis.","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210236"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988705277549","article-title":"The diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid tau protein in dementing and nondementing neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"18","author":"Paraskevas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1351","article-title":"The diagnostic value of tau protein, beta-amyloid (1\u201342) and their ratio for the discrimination of alcohol-related cognitive disorders from Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the early stages","volume":"20","author":"Kapaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e3181610fea","article-title":"Diagnostic value of CSF biomarker profile in frontotemporal lobar degeneration","volume":"22","author":"Kapaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81654","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081654","article-title":"The diagnostic value of CSF \u03b1-synuclein in the differential diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies vs. normal subjects and patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Kapaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.10.90","article-title":"Quantification of \u03b1-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid as a biomarker candidate: Review of the literature and considerations for future studies","volume":"4","author":"Mollenhauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomarkers Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Constantinides, V.C., Majbour, N.K., Paraskevas, G.P., Abdi, I., Safieh-Garabedian, B., Stefanis, L., El-Agnaf, O.M., and Kapaki, E. (2021). Cerebrospinal Fluid \u03b1-Synuclein Species in Cognitive and Movements Disorders. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010119"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1159\/000478979","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid TAR DNA-Binding Protein 43 Combined with Tau Proteins as a Candidate Biomarker for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia Spectrum Disorders","volume":"44","author":"Bourbouli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00520-w","article-title":"Developing the ATX(N) classification for use across the Alzheimer disease continuum","volume":"17","author":"Hampel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.10.007","article-title":"National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Hyman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-009-0277-y","article-title":"Neurochemical dementia diagnostics: A simple algorithm for interpretation of the CSF biomarkers","volume":"116","author":"Lewczuk","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141725","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers distinguish postmortem-confirmed Alzheimer\u2019s disease from other dementias and healthy controls in the OPTIMA cohort","volume":"44","author":"Seeburger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14658","article-title":"Added value of cerebrospinal fluid multimarker analysis in diagnosis and progression of dementia","volume":"28","author":"Aguilar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00817-4","article-title":"Prognostic value of amyloid\/tau\/neurodegeneration (ATN) classification based on diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid samples for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Delmotte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.09.039","article-title":"CSF biomarkers \u03b2-amyloid, tau proteins and a-synuclein in the differential diagnosis of Parkinson-plus syndromes","volume":"382","author":"Constantinides","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543866","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.543866","article-title":"Cerebral Microbleeds, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Neuroimaging Markers in Clinical Subtypes of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Ikeda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05253-y","article-title":"The validation status of blood biomarkers of amyloid and phospho-tau assessed with the 5-phase development framework for AD biomarkers","volume":"48","author":"Ashton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ntymenou, S., Tsantzali, I., Kalamatianos, T., Voumvourakis, K.I., Kapaki, E., Tsivgoulis, G., Stranjalis, G., and Paraskevas, G.P. (2021). Blood Biomarkers in Frontotemporal Dementia: Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020244"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/10\/1258\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:03:40Z","timestamp":1760166220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/10\/1258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci11101258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11101258","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]}}}