{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:23:31Z","timestamp":1790630611279,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD074346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD074346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50HD103526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50HD103526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) at a higher rate than individuals in the general population. Nonetheless, little is known regarding the unique presentation of ASD symptoms in DS. The current study aims to explore the prevalence and profiles of ASD symptoms in a sample of individuals with DS (n = 83), aged between 6 and 23 years. Analysis of this sample (MAge = 15.13) revealed that approximately 37% of the sample met the classification cut-off for ASD using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 2 (ADOS-2) Calibrated Severity Score (CSS), an indicator of the participants\u2019 severity of ASD-related symptoms. Item-level analyses revealed that multiple items on Module 2 and Module 3 of the ADOS-2, mostly in the Social Affect (SA) subdomain, differentiated the children with DS who did not meet ASD classification (DS-only) from those who did (DS + ASD). Lastly, comparisons of individuals with DS-only and those with DS + ASD differed significantly on the syntactic complexity of their expressive language. These findings shed light on the unique presentation of ASD symptoms in a sample of individuals with DS and suggest that expressive language abilities may play a pivotal role in the presentation of ASD symptoms in DS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11101278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T01:59:47Z","timestamp":1632707987000},"page":"1278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Individuals with Down Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6272-9882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Dimachkie Nunnally","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudine","family":"Anglo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audra","family":"Sterling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waisman Center and Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Edgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Berry-Kravis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences and Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"del Hoyo Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2311-7194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard","family":"Abbeduto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela John","family":"Thurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1589","article-title":"National population-based estimates for major birth defects, 2010\u20132014","volume":"111","author":"Mai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"601","article-title":"Personality stereotype of noninstitutionalized down syndrome children","volume":"87","author":"Gibbs","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. 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