{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T10:37:48Z","timestamp":1781779068173,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) and the conduct disorders (CD) express a contrasting symptomatology, they could represent different answers to a common matrix about morality. In the literature, some theoretical models describe people with OCD as individuals who experience high levels of responsibility and guilt. On the other hand, adolescents with a CD are described as if they do not feel guilty at all or consider anti-social purposes as more important than existing moral purposes. The aims of this study were to investigate the role of forgiveness in responsibility and guilt levels and to test whether this putative relation was influenced by tendencies towards obsessive\u2013compulsive problems (OCP) or conduct problems (CP). In total, 231 adolescents aged between 16 and 18 years were self-assessed using a Youth Self-Report, Child Responsibility Attitudes Questionnaire, Heartland Forgiveness Scale, and Test Of Self-Conscious Affect. The results show that self-forgiveness predicted responsibility levels, while guilt was predicted by self-forgiveness and situation-forgiveness. Moreover, mediation analyses revealed that the effects of OCP on responsibility and guilt were mediated by self-forgiveness and situation-forgiveness. Regarding CP, no mediated effects were found. In conclusion, lower proneness to forgive increases responsibility and guilt, and this is particularly evident in subjects with higher levels of OCP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11101333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:19:32Z","timestamp":1633900772000},"page":"1333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Forgiveness in the Modulation of Responsibility in a Sample of Italian Adolescents with a Tendency towards Conduct or Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Problems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5196-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Buonanno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cognitive Psychotherapy srl, 00162 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Iuliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cognitive Psychotherapy srl, 00162 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"InMovement Center, 04022 Fondi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Grossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cognitive Psychotherapy srl, 00162 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"InMovement Center, 04022 Fondi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8765-4047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cognitive Psychotherapy srl, 00162 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, University of Studies Guglielmo Marconi, 00193 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7381-7498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliana","family":"Stendardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cognitive Psychotherapy srl, 00162 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizia","family":"Tudisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cognitive Psychotherapy srl, 00162 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5234-4823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Pizzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cognitive Psychotherapy srl, 00162 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Killen, M., and Rutland, A. (2011). Children and Social Exclusion: Morality, Prejudice, and Group Identity, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444396317"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wixted, J.T., and Ghetti, S. (2018). Moral Reasoning: Theory and Research in Developmental Science. Stevens\u2019 Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Wiley. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119170174"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000269667","article-title":"The Development of Children\u2019s Orientations Toward a Moral Order","volume":"6","author":"Kohlberg","year":"1963","journal-title":"Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"701","article-title":"Prosocial development","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Damon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology, Social, Emotional, And Personality Development"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Tangney, J.P., and Dearing, R.L. (2002). Shame and Guilt, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Killen, M., and Smetana, J. (2006). Understanding values in relationship: The development of conscience. Handbook of Moral Development, Erlbaum.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410615336"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1348\/000712608X379061","article-title":"The roots of human altruism","volume":"100","author":"Warneken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., and Van Petegem, S. (2018). The development of autonomy in adolescence: A social domain theory view. The Meaning and Role of Autonomy in Adolescent Development: Towards Conceptual Clarity, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315636511"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612440571","article-title":"Young Children Are Intrinsically Motivated to See Others Helped","volume":"23","author":"Hepach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1348\/026151010X532888","article-title":"Three-year-old children intervene in third-party moral transgressions","volume":"29","author":"Vaish","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-835X.1983.tb00543.x","article-title":"The effect of stimulus familiarity on the use of criteria and justifications in children\u2019s social reasoning","volume":"1","author":"Davidson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12152","article-title":"Annual Research Review: A developmental psychopathology approach to understanding callous-unemotional traits in children and adolescents with serious conduct problems","volume":"55","author":"Frick","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.101.3.469","article-title":"Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology","volume":"101","author":"Tangney","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Lamb, M. (2015). Origins and development of morality. Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science, Wiley-Blackwell. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579412000399","article-title":"Development of fear and guilt in young children: Stability over time and relations with psychopathology","volume":"24","author":"Baker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00418","article-title":"Guilt in young children: Development, determinants and its relation with a broader system of standards","volume":"73","author":"Kochanska","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.26.1.51","article-title":"Patterns of guilt in children of depressed and well mothers","volume":"26","author":"Kochanska","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dev. Psy."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Eisenberg, N. (1982). Development of prosocial motivation: Empathy and guilt. The Development of Prosocial Behavior, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Bybee, J. (1998). Varieties of empathy-based guilt. Guilt and Children, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.115.2.243","article-title":"Guilt: An interpersonal approach","volume":"115","author":"Baumeister","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"51","article-title":"Guilt: Elaboration of a multidimensional model","volume":"53","author":"Kubany","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Rec."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465800015885","article-title":"The relationship between obsessional problems and intrusive thoughts","volume":"23","author":"Salkovskis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"774","article-title":"On the Relationship between Responsibility and Guilt: Antecedent Appraisal or Elaborated Appraisal Eur","volume":"37","author":"Berndsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324834basp1701&2_10","article-title":"Personal narratives about guilt: Role in action control and interpersonal relationships","volume":"17","author":"Baumeister","year":"1995","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Lewis, M., and Haviland, J.M. (1993). Mood, Emotion Episodes, and Emotions. Handbook of Emotions, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90066-4","article-title":"Obsessions, responsibility and guilt","volume":"31","author":"Rachman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2004.04.003","article-title":"Fear of Guilt from Behaving Irresponsibly in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"35","author":"Mancini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Behav. Exp. Psychiat."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Mancini, F. (2016). La Mente Ossessiva, Raffaello Cortina Editore."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(89)90152-6","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioural factors and the persistence of intrusive thoughts in obsessional problems","volume":"27","author":"Salkovskis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2006.03.004","article-title":"The Role of Responsibility and Fear of Guilt in Hypothesis-Testing","volume":"37","author":"Mancini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiat."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.2003.93.3f.1077","article-title":"Responsibility, guilt and decision under risk","volume":"93","author":"Mancini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00215-4","article-title":"The Connection between Disgust and Obsessions and Compulsions In a non-clinical Sample","volume":"31","author":"Mancini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pers. Ind. Diff."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5914.1992.tb00211.x","article-title":"How to make someone feel guilty: Strategies of guilt inducement and their goals","volume":"22","author":"Miceli","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Theory Soc. Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Salkovskis, P.M. (1996). The Cognitive Approach to Anxiety: Threat Beliefs, Safety-Seeking Behavior, and the Special Case of Health Anxiety and Obsessions, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00017-R","article-title":"Perfectionism, Responsibility and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms","volume":"33","author":"Rheaume","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00024-R","article-title":"Experimental manipulations of responsibility: An analogue test for models of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"33","author":"Ladouceur","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"63","article-title":"Pathological guilt: A persistent yet overlooked treatment factor in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"23","author":"Shapiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3600","article-title":"Am I Guilty or Not?","volume":"33","author":"Giacomantonio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Deontological Guilt, Uncertainty and Checking Behavior. Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"155","article-title":"Obsessive patients and their guilt","volume":"7","author":"Mancini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychopathol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00177-6","article-title":"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Anxiety Disorders and Self-Esteem: An Exploratory Study","volume":"37","author":"Enholt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"353","article-title":"Current Targets in Obsessive-Compulsive Patients","volume":"15","author":"Mancini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"173","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"108","author":"Walitza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"15","article-title":"Il ruolo della responsabilit\u00e0 nel disturbo ossessivo-compulsivo","volume":"5","author":"Mancini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psicoter. Cogn. Comport."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Killen, M., and Smetana, J. (2014). Moral emotion attributions and aggression. Handbook of Moral Development, Lawrence Erlbaum.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203581957"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015471","article-title":"Guilt and effortful control: Two mechanisms that prevent disruptive developmental trajectories","volume":"97","author":"Kochanska","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1348\/026151007X205281","article-title":"Shame and guilt as behaviour regulators: Relationships with bullying, victimization and prosocial behaviour","volume":"26","author":"Menesini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malti, T., and Ongley, S.F. (2014). The development of moral emotions and moral reasoning. Handbook of Moral Development, Psychology Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203581957.ch8"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00199-006-0153-z","article-title":"Exploiting moral wiggle room: Experiments demonstrating an illusory preference for fairness","volume":"33","author":"Dana","year":"2006","journal-title":"Econ. Theory"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Lykken, D.T. (1995). The Antisocial Personalities, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400004326","article-title":"The psychobiology of undersocialized aggressive conduct disorder: A theoretical perspective","volume":"5","author":"Quay","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x","article-title":"Research review: The importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior","volume":"49","author":"Frick","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"637","article-title":"Empathy and involvement in bullying in children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Haselager","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191109344153","article-title":"Assessing the affective features of psychopathy in adolescence: A further validation of the inventory of callous and unemotional traits","volume":"17","author":"Roose","year":"2010","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/03057240701687970","article-title":"Development of moral motivation from childhood to early adulthood","volume":"36","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Moral Ed."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.61.6.1053","article-title":"Effectiveness of a social relations intervention program for aggressive and nonaggressive, rejected children","volume":"61","author":"Lochman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin Psychol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"123","article-title":"I sensi di colpa altruistico e deontologico","volume":"5","author":"Mancini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cogn. Clin."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Hauser, M.D. (2006). Moral Minds: How Nature Designed Our Universal Sense of Right and Wrong, Harper Collins."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0303_3","article-title":"Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities","volume":"3","author":"Bandura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"161","article-title":"La moralit\u00e0 nel disturbo antisociale di personalit\u00e0","volume":"6","author":"Mancini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cogn. Clin."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"176","article-title":"Caratteristiche genitoriali e stili di paenting associati ai disturbi esternalizzanti in et\u00e0 evolutiva","volume":"29","author":"Buonanno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psichiatr. Psicoter."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00008.x","article-title":"Conduct disorder","volume":"32","author":"Robins","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/0887044042000196674","article-title":"Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: Theory, review, and hypotheses","volume":"19","author":"Worthington","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1407","article-title":"Resentment or forgiveness?","volume":"11","author":"Barcaccia","year":"2018","journal-title":"The assessment of forgivingness in Italian adolescents. Child Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barcaccia, B., Pallini, S., Pozza, A., Milioni, M., Baiocco, R., Mancini, F., and Vecchio, G.M. (2019). Forgiving Adolescents: Far from Depression, Close to Well-Being. Front. Psychol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01725"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Enright, R.D., and North, J. (1998). Exploring forgiveness. The Psychology of Interpersonal Forgiveness, University of Wisconsin Press."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035268","article-title":"Efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions to promote forgiveness: A meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Wade","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2009.00607.x","article-title":"The anatomy of anger: An integrative cognitive model of trait anger and reactive aggression","volume":"78","author":"Wilkowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838016637079","article-title":"Forgiveness Therapy for the Promotion of Mental Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Akhtar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x","article-title":"Dispositional Forgiveness of Self, Others, and Situations","volume":"73","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00080-5","article-title":"Failure to forgive self and others: A replication and extension of the relationship between forgiveness, personality, social desirability and general health","volume":"30","author":"Maltby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"170","article-title":"The measurement of forgiveness: Preliminary research","volume":"11","author":"Mauger","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Christ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0008-400x.40.1.1.1","article-title":"Looking within: The state forgiveness scale","volume":"40","author":"Wohl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Achenbach, T.M., and Rescorla, L.A. (2011). Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms and Profiles, University of Vermont Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Achenbach, T.M., and Edelbrock, C. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist, University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Consoli, S., Rossi, A., Thompson, L.Y., Volpi, C., Mannarini, S., Castelnuovo, G., and Molinari, E. (2020). Assessing Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Front. Psychol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.596501"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00071-6","article-title":"Responsibility attitudes and interpretations are characteristic of obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"38","author":"Salkovskis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Tangney, J.P., Wagner, P.E., Gavlas, J., and Gramzow, R. (1991). The Test of Self-Conscious Affect for Adolescents (TOSCA-A), George Mason University."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/03637751.2017.1352100","article-title":"Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation","volume":"85","author":"Hayes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Commun. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026595011371","article-title":"Equivalence of the Mediation, Confounding and Suppression Effect","volume":"1","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2005.24.5.621","article-title":"Self-forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research","volume":"24","author":"Hall","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Soc. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/15433714.2011.531215","article-title":"Therapeutic stages of forgiveness and self-forgiveness","volume":"21","author":"Jacinto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hum. Behav. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00030-2","article-title":"The assessment of unwanted intrusive thoughts: A review and critique of the literature","volume":"33","author":"Clark","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"141","article-title":"Early Childhood Experiences Shaping Vulnerability to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"12","author":"Barcaccia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Barcaccia, B., and Mancini, F. (2013). Senso di colpa deontologico e perdono di s\u00e9 nel disturbo ossessivo-compulsivo. Teoria e Clinica del Perdono, Raffaello Cortina Editore."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Barcaccia, B., and Mancini, F. (2013). Il Perdono di S\u00e8: Analisi del Costrutto e Possibili Applicazoni Cliniche. Teoria e Clinica del Perdono, Raffaello Cortina Editore."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/10\/1333\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:10:59Z","timestamp":1760166659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/11\/10\/1333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci11101333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11101333","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]}}}