{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T20:53:05Z","timestamp":1793393585201,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Breathing is an essential function that requires both metabolic (or au-tomatic) and voluntary (behavioral) control during wakefulness but during sleep depends on metabolic control via peripheral and central chemoreceptors. Breathing during sleep disordered breathing also depends on the maturity of the neural centers and the strength of the respiratory muscles. We do not know if the response to apnea varies with age. (2) Methods: We measured the obstructive apneas and hypopneas during REM and NREM in polysomnography studies from children referred for snoring. Exclusion criteria: younger than 1 year of age, neuromuscular or syndrome comorbidity, oxygen or positive airway pressure, central apnea, and studies with loss of airflow sensors. (3) Results: Two-hundred-and-sixty-eight sleep studies were included. Mean age was 8.7 years (4.68 SD), range 1\u201318 years, 160 were male, and 108 were female. The 5th centile of apnea duration during NREM is above 8 s at all ages, with a tendency to increase in the oldest groups up to 10 s. During REM sleep, it shows a gradual increase from 6 s in the youngest children to 10 s in the oldest. (4) Conclusions: Apnea\/hypopnea length increases with age in children and adolescents independently from sex or severity of OSA. Using adult criteria in teens seems to be accurate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11101343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T09:33:02Z","timestamp":1634117582000},"page":"1343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Obstructive Apnea and Hypopnea Length in Normal Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3349-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes M.","family":"DelRosso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Panek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Redding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6662-2281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Paola","family":"Mogavero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Pavia, Via Salvatore Maugeri 4, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Ruth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Sheldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Blazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candace","family":"Strong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Samson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Fickenscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6937-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Ferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Research Centre, Oasi Research Institute\u2014IRCCS, Via C. Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64142-7.00059-X","article-title":"Clinical neurophysiology of apnea","volume":"161","author":"Waters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.132332","article-title":"Genioglossus reflex inhibition to upper-airway negative-pressure stimuli during wakefulness and sleep in healthy males","volume":"581","author":"Eckert","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00048514","article-title":"Pathophysiology of human ventilatory control","volume":"44","author":"Dempsey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. 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