{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:44:59Z","timestamp":1788176699862,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Impairment in navigation abilities and object location memory are often seen in early-stage Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD), yet these constructs are not included in standard neuropsychological assessment. We investigated the differential ability of a short digital spatial memory test in mild AD dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: 21 patients with AD dementia (66.9 \u00b1 6.9; 47% female), 22 patients with MCI (69.6 \u00b1 8.3; 46% female) and 21 patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) (62.2 \u00b1 8.9; 48% female) from the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort performed the Object Location Memory Test (OLMT), consisting of a visual perception and memory trial, and the Virtual T\u00fcbingen (VT) test, consisting of a scene recognition, route continuation, route ordering and distance comparison task. The correlations with other cognitive domains were examined. Results: Patients with mild AD dementia (Z: \u22122.51 \u00b1 1.15) and MCI (Z: \u22121.81 \u00b1 0.92) performed worse than participants with SCD (Z: 0.0 \u00b1 1.0) on the OLMT. Scene recognition and route continuation were equally impaired in patients with AD dementia (Z: \u22121.14 \u00b1 0.73; Z: \u22121.44 \u00b1 1.13) and MCI (Z: \u22121.37 \u00b1 1.25; Z: \u22121.21 \u00b1 1.07). Route ordering was only impaired in patients with MCI (Z: \u22120.82 \u00b1 0.78). Weak to moderate correlations were found between route continuation and memory (r(64) = 0.40, p &lt; 0.01), and between route ordering and attention (r(64) = 0.33, p &lt; 0.01), but not for the OLMT. Conclusion: A short digital spatial memory test battery was able to detect object location memory and navigation impairment in patients with mild AD dementia and MCI, highlighting the value of incorporating such a test battery in standard neuropsychological assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11101350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T09:10:49Z","timestamp":1634202649000},"page":"1350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Short Digital Spatial Memory Test Detects Impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8843-7247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackie M.","family":"Poos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Helmholtz Institute, Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2520-7422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ineke J. M.","family":"van der Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna E.","family":"Leeuwis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolande A. L.","family":"Pijnenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiesje M.","family":"van der Flier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Postma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Institute, Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association (2015). 2015 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. 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