{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T07:45:08Z","timestamp":1778744708442,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The data on neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients has been rapidly increasing throughout the pandemic. However, data on CNS and PNS inflammatory disorders in COVID-19 with respect to CSF, serum and neuroimaging markers is still lacking. Methods: We screened all articles resulting from a search of PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus, using the keywords \u201cSARS-CoV-2 and neurological complication\u201d, \u201cSARS-CoV-2 and CNS Complication\u201d and \u201cSARS-CoV-2 and PNS Complication\u201d looking for transverse myelitis, vasculitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalitis (AHNE), cytotoxic lesion of the corpus callosum (CLOCC) and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS), published between 1 December 2019 to 15 July 2021. Results: Of the included 106 CNS manifestations in our study, CNS inflammatory disorders included transverse myelitis (17, 14.7%), AHNE (12, 10.4%), ADEM (11, 9.5%), CLOCC\/MERS (10, 8.6%) and vasculitis (4, 3.4%). Others were nonspecific encephalopathy, encephalitis, seizures and stroke. Most patients were &gt;50 years old (75, 70.8%) and male (64, 65.3%). Most (59, 63.4%) were severe cases of COVID-19 and 18 (18%) patients died. Of the included 94 PNS manifestations in our study, GBS (89, 92.7%) was the most common. Most of these patients were &gt;50 years old (73, 77.7%) and male (59, 64.1%). Most (62, 67.4%) were non-severe cases of COVID-19, and ten patients died. Conclusion: Our comprehensive review of the clinical and paraclinical findings in CNS and PNS manifestations of COVID-19 provide insights on the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and its neurotropism. The higher frequency and severity of CNS manifestations should be noted by physicians for increased vigilance in particular COVID-19 cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11101354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T22:42:18Z","timestamp":1634251338000},"page":"1354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Relevance of CSF, Serum and Neuroimaging Markers in CNS and PNS Manifestation in COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Case Report and Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sanjiti","family":"Podury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Army College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110010, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samiksha","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erum","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B.J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad 380016, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8951-8604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihir","family":"Kakara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1818-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Medha","family":"Tandon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4614-7783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashish K.","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerri","family":"Freeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sijin","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6844-3287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shitiz","family":"Sriwastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"},{"name":"West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021, July 15). 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