{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T09:15:12Z","timestamp":1783761312694,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent literature shows that the Coronovirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has provoked significant changes in dreaming. The current study intends to provide an update about dream variable changes during the second wave of COVID-19. A total of 611 participants completed a web survey from December 2020 to January 2021. Statistical comparisons showed that subjects had lower dream-recall frequency, nightmare frequency, lucid-dream frequency, emotional intensity, and nightmare distress during the second than the first wave of the pandemic. Dreams had a higher negative tone during the second than first wave. We revealed significant differences concerning post-traumatic growth, sleep-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and sleep measures between groups obtained as a function of the changes in the oneiric frequency between the first and second waves. We also found significant correlations between qualitative\/emotional dream features and COVID-19-related factors (job change, forced quarantine, having COVID-19 infected relatives\/friends, or asking for mental health help). Overall, we found that the second wave affected fewer quantitative features of dream activity and there was less emotional intensity. Moreover, we confirmed the relationship between nightmares and the high risk of PTSD when subjects were grouped as a function of the increasing\/decreasing frequency. Finally, our findings are partly coherent with the continuity hypothesis between oneiric and waking experiences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11111375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T21:29:46Z","timestamp":1634765386000},"page":"1375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Dreams and Nightmares during the First and Second Wave of the COVID-19 Infection: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9260-7111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Scarpelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9929-0399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Alfonsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5544-5483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Gorgoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4125-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Musetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9729-8533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Filosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0711-6412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria C.","family":"Quattropani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Lenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Educational Sciences of the Mediterranean Area, \u201cDante Alighieri\u201d University for Foreigners of Reggio Calabria, 89125 Reggio Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Vegni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20146 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9581-9921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Borghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20146 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0429-7609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Margherita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanistic Studies, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2529-2279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Francesca","family":"Freda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanistic Studies, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Saita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5995-5456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Cattivelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Psychology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, 28824 Verbania, 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