{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T16:44:02Z","timestamp":1790527442069,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of the Russian Federation","award":["#075-15-2019-1930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#075-15-2019-1930"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Theatre-based practices, such as improvisation, are frequently applied to simulate everyday social interactions. Although the improvisational context is acknowledged as fictional, realistic emotions may emerge, a phenomenon labelled the \u2018paradox of fiction\u2019. This study investigated how manipulating the context (real-life versus fictional) modulates psychophysiological reactivity to social rejection during dyadic interactions. We measured psychophysiological responses elicited during real-life (interview) and fictional (improvisation exercises) social rejections. We analysed the heart rate (HR), skin conductance, facial muscle activity, and electrocortical activity (electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha asymmetry) of student teachers (N = 39) during various social rejections (devaluing, interrupting, nonverbal rejection). All social rejections evoked negative EEG alpha asymmetry, a measure reflecting behavioural withdrawal motivation. Psychophysiological responses during real-life and fictional rejections correlated, and rejection type modified the responses. When comparing responses across all rejection types, facial muscle activity and EEG alpha asymmetry did not differ between real-life and fictional rejections, whereas HR decelerated and skin conductance increased during fictional rejections. These findings demonstrate that regardless of cognitive awareness of fictionality, relatively subtle social rejections elicited psychophysiological reactivity indicating emotional arousal and negative valence. These findings provide novel, biological evidence for the application of theatre-based improvisation to studying experientially everyday social encounters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11111463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T22:25:54Z","timestamp":1636064754000},"page":"1463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Paradox of Fiction Revisited\u2014Improvised Fictional and Real-Life Social Rejections Evoke Associated and Relatively Similar Psychophysiological Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sirke","family":"Sepp\u00e4nen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 8, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Cicero Learning, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tapio","family":"Toivanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 8, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3955-5199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommi","family":"Makkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iiro","family":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"},{"name":"International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaisa","family":"Tiippana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1080\/09515089.2016.1164306","article-title":"Is the Paradox of Fiction Soluble in Psychology?","volume":"29","author":"Cova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/aristoteliansupp\/49.1.67","article-title":"How Can We Be Moved by the Fate of Anna Karenina?","volume":"49","author":"Radford","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc. Aristot. Soc. Suppl. 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