{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:49:30Z","timestamp":1792669770843,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this discussion paper, I review a number of common misconceptions about the phonological deficit theory (PDH) of dyslexia. These include the common but mistaken idea that the PDH is simply about phonemic awareness (PA), and, consequently, is a circular \u201cpseudo\u201d-explanation or epiphenomenon of reading difficulties. I argue that PA is only the \u201ctip of the phonological iceberg\u201d and that \u201cdeeper\u201d spoken-language phonological impairments among dyslexics appear well before the onset of reading and even at birth. Furthermore, not even reading-specific expressions of phonological deficits\u2014PA or pseudoword naming, can be considered circular if we clearly distinguish between reading proper\u2014real meaning-bearing words, or real text, and the mechanisms (subskills) of reading development (such as phonological recoding). I also explain why an understanding of what constitutes an efficient writing system explains why phonology is necessarily a major source of variability in reading ability and hence a core deficit (or at least one core deficit) among struggling readers whether dyslexic or non-dyslexic. I also address the misguided notion that the PDH has now fallen out of favor because most dyslexia researchers have (largely) ceased studying phonological processing. I emphasize that acceptance of the PDH does not imply repudiation of other non-phonological hypotheses because the PDH does not claim to account for all the variance in reading ability\/disability. Finally, I ask where neurobiology enters the picture and suggest that researchers need to exercise more caution in drawing their conclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11111510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T20:48:36Z","timestamp":1636922916000},"page":"1510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Common Misconceptions about the Phonological Deficit Theory of Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"David L.","family":"Share","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Learning Disabilities, Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038299","article-title":"Seeking a reading machine for the blind and discovering the speech code","volume":"18","author":"Shankweiler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hist. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1037\/h0020279","article-title":"Perception of the speech code","volume":"74","author":"Liberman","year":"1967","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62794-6","article-title":"The relation of speech to reading and writing","volume":"94","author":"Liberman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adv. 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