{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T11:34:59Z","timestamp":1777980899642,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Basic Public Welfare Research Program","award":["LGD22H250444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGD22H250444"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Basic Public Welfare Research Program","award":["LGD21H250001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGD21H250001"]}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Agriculture and Social development research project","award":["20201203B149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20201203B149"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nasal breathing is a dynamic cortical organizer involved in various behaviors and states, such as locomotion, exploration, memory, emotion, introspection. However, the effect of sensory deprivation of nasal respiratory breath (NRD) on behavior remain poorly understood. Herein, general locomotor activity, emotion, learning and memory, social interaction, and mechanical pain were evaluated using a zinc sulfate nasal irrigation induced nasal respiratory sensory deprivation animal model (ZnSO4-induced mouse model). In the open field test, the elevated O-maze test, and forced swim test, NRD mice exhibited depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. In memory-associated tests, NRD mice showed cognitive impairments in the hippocampal-dependent memory (Y maze, object recognition task, and contextual fear conditioning (CFC)) and amygdala-dependent memory (the tone-cued fear conditioning test (TFC)). Surprisingly, NRD mice did not display deficits in the acquisition of conditional fear in both CFC and TFC tests. Still, they showed significant memory retrieval impairment in TFC and enhanced memory retrieval in CFC. At the same time, in the social novelty test using a three-chamber setting, NRD mice showed impaired social and social novelty behavior. Lastly, in the von Frey filaments test, we found that the pain sensitivity of NRD mice was reduced. In conclusion, this NRD mouse model showed a variety of behavioral phenotypic changes, which could offer an important insight into the behavioral impacts of patients with anosmia or those with an impaired olfactory bulb (OB) (e.g., in COVID-19, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, etc.).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11121626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T21:52:32Z","timestamp":1639086752000},"page":"1626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effect of Sensory Deprivation of Nasal Respiratory on Behavior of C57BL\/6J Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yongji","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujing","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenyang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1871","article-title":"Looking for inspiration: New perspectives on respiratory rhythm","volume":"7","author":"Feldman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. 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