{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:41:16Z","timestamp":1773294076961,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["603016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["603016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aggressive behaviors and disruptive\/conduct disorders are some of the commonest reasons for referral to youth mental health services; nevertheless, the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in real-world clinical practice remains unclear. In order to define more appropriate targets for innovative pharmacological therapies for disruptive\/conduct disorders, the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) funded the MATRICS project (Multidisciplinary Approaches to Translational Research in Conduct Syndromes) to identify neural, genetic, and molecular factors underpinning the pathogenesis of aggression\/antisocial behavior in preclinical models and clinical samples. Within the program, a multicentre case-control study, followed by a single-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, randomized acute single-dose medication challenge, was conducted at two Italian sites. Aggressive children and adolescents with conduct disorder (CD) or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) were compared to the same age (10\u201317 y) typically developing controls (TDC) on a neuropsychological tasks battery that included both \u201ccold\u201d (e.g., inhibitory control, decision making) and \u201chot\u201d executive functions (e.g., moral judgment, emotion processing, risk assessment). Selected autonomic measures (heart rate variability, skin conductance, salivary cortisol) were recorded before\/during\/after neuropsychological testing sessions. The acute response to different drugs (methylphenidate\/atomoxetine, risperidone\/aripiprazole, or placebo) was also examined in the ODD\/CD cohort in order to identify potential neuropsychological\/physiological mechanisms underlying aggression. The paper describes the protocol of the clinical MATRICS WP6-1 study, its rationale, the specific outcome measures, and their implications for a precision medicine approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11121639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:28:11Z","timestamp":1639358891000},"page":"1639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Neuropsychological Characterization of Aggressive Behavior in Children and Adolescents with CD\/ODD and Effects of Single Doses of Medications: The Protocol of the Matrics_WP6-1 Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Carla","family":"Balia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy"},{"name":"Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, \u201cA. Cao\u201d Paediatric Hospital-ARNAS \u201cG. Brotzu\u201d Hospital Trust, Department of Paediatrics, 09121 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Carucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy"},{"name":"Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, \u201cA. Cao\u201d Paediatric Hospital-ARNAS \u201cG. Brotzu\u201d Hospital Trust, Department of Paediatrics, 09121 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annarita","family":"Milone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Romaniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9140-2675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2718-0174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Donno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy"},{"name":"Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, \u201cA. Cao\u201d Paediatric Hospital-ARNAS \u201cG. Brotzu\u201d Hospital Trust, Department of Paediatrics, 09121 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annarita","family":"Montesanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Brovedani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Masi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey C.","family":"Glennon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Coghill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK"},{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Departments of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4409-0680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Zuddas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy"},{"name":"Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, \u201cA. Cao\u201d Paediatric Hospital-ARNAS \u201cG. Brotzu\u201d Hospital Trust, Department of Paediatrics, 09121 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the MATRICS Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17622-8","article-title":"The neurobiology of aggression","volume":"364","author":"Blake","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00872","article-title":"Neurobiology of aggressive behaviour\u2014role of autoantibodies reactive with stress-related peptide hormones","volume":"10","author":"Vaeroy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Berkowitz, L. (1993). 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