{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:31:04Z","timestamp":1793194264436,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32003B-184702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32003B-184702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this article is to discuss the logic and assumptions behind the concept of neural reuse, to explore its biological advantages and to discuss the implications for the cognition of a brain that reuses existing circuits and resources. We first address the requirements that must be fulfilled for neural reuse to be a biologically plausible mechanism. Neural reuse theories generally take a developmental approach and model the brain as a dynamic system composed of highly flexible neural networks. They often argue against domain-specificity and for a distributed, embodied representation of knowledge, which sets them apart from modular theories of mental processes. We provide an example of reuse by proposing how a phylogenetically more modern mental capacity (mental rotation) may appear through the reuse and recombination of existing resources from an older capacity (motor planning). We conclude by putting arguments into context regarding functional modularity, embodied representation, and the current ontology of mental processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11121652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,19]],"date-time":"2021-12-19T20:41:55Z","timestamp":1639946515000},"page":"1652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["From Action to Cognition: Neural Reuse, Network Theory and the Emergence of Higher Cognitive Functions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4708-9201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radek","family":"Ptak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurorehabilitation, University Hospitals Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naz","family":"Doganci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7397-6835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexia","family":"Bourgeois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01230-3","article-title":"Development itself is the key to understanding developmental disorders","volume":"2","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. 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