{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T16:13:47Z","timestamp":1784045627146,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychopathology is often studied and treated from an individual-centered approach. However, studies have shown that psychological distress is often best understood from a contextual, environmental perspective. This paper explores the literature on emotional contagion and symptom transmission in psychopathology, i.e., the complex ways in which one person\u2019s psychological distress may yield symptoms among others in his\/her close environment. We argue that emotions, cognitions, and behaviors often do not stay within the borders of the individual, but rather represent intricate dynamic experiences that are shared by individuals, as well as transmitted between them. While this claim was comprehensively studied in the context of some disorders (e.g., secondary traumatization and the \u201cmimicking\u201d of symptoms among those close to a trauma survivor), it was very scarcely examined in the context of others. We aim to bridge this gap in knowledge by examining the literature on symptom transmission across four distinct psychiatric disorders: PTSD, major depression, OCD, and psychosis. We first review the literature on emotional contagion in each disorder separately, and then we subsequently conduct a comparative analysis highlighting the shared and differential mechanisms underlying these processes in all four disorders. In this era of transdiagnostic conceptualizations of psychopathology, such an examination is timely, and it may carry important clinical implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12010067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T22:51:50Z","timestamp":1641250310000},"page":"67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Contagion of Psychopathology across Different Psychiatric Disorders: A Comparative Theoretical Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Danny","family":"Horesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilanit","family":"Hasson-Ohayon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5930-8526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Harwood-Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/00029157.1996.10403343","article-title":"Breuer, Josef and Freud, Sigmund (1895\/1995), Studies on Hysteria. In James Strachey (Ed.) The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth Press, Vol.2, xxxii, pp. 1\u2013335","volume":"38","author":"Nemiah","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Hypn."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Fraiberg, S. (1980). Ghosts in the Nursery. Clinical Studies in Infant Mental Health: The First Year of Life, Basic Books. Chapter 7."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1177\/000306519304100403","article-title":"Measuring the Ghost In the Nursery: An Empirical Study of the Relation between Parents\u2019 Mental Representations of Childhood Experiences And Their Infants\u2019 Security of Attachment","volume":"41","author":"Fonagy","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychoanalytic Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12239","article-title":"When I say \u2026 emotion in medical education","volume":"47","author":"Artino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(80)90084-7","article-title":"The psychology of emotion","volume":"24","author":"Tantam","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.48.4.384","article-title":"Facial expression and emotion","volume":"48","author":"Ekman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.5465\/19416520.2015.1033148","article-title":"Group Emotions: Cutting the Gordian Knots Concerning Terms, Levels of Analysis, and Processes","volume":"9","author":"Menges","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Ann."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1086\/322897","article-title":"Emotional Contagion Effects on Product Attitudes","volume":"28","author":"Howard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Consum. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J.T., and Rapson, R.L. (1994). Emotional contagion. Studies in Emotion and Social Interaction, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139174138"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1896). Review of Psychologie des foules. Psychol. Rev., 3, 97.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0064747"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Freud, S. (1921). Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Psychoanalytic Electronic Publishing, Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/pep-web.org\/browse\/document\/SE.018.0065A?page=P0065."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1037\/h0072609","article-title":"Some forms of sympathy: A phenomenological analysis","volume":"26","author":"Becker","year":"1931","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.03.011","article-title":"Emotional contagion: Its scope and limits","volume":"19","author":"Dezecache","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12134","article-title":"Emotional contagion of anger is automatic: An evolutionary explanation","volume":"55","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"517","article-title":"Relationship between Mood and Susceptibility to Emotional Contagion: Is Positive Mood More Contagious?","volume":"14","author":"Bhullar","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumas, G., Nadel, J., Soussignan, R., Martinerie, J., and Garnero, L. (2010). Inter-Brain Synchronization during Social Interaction. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012166"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/35090060","article-title":"Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action","volume":"2","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Hernandez-Lallement, J., G\u00f3mez-Sotres, P., and Carrillo, M. (2020). Towards a unified theory of emotional contagion in rodents\u2014A meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2011.00365.x","article-title":"Interpersonal Emotion Transfer: Contagion and Social Appraisal","volume":"5","author":"Parkinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Pers. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1037\/h0021465","article-title":"Psychological Review","volume":"20","author":"Cofer","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2011.651101","article-title":"Worry spreads: Interpersonal transfer of problem-related anxiety","volume":"26","author":"Parkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613518352","article-title":"Stress contagion: Physiological covariation between mothers and infants","volume":"25","author":"Waters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.6.2.149","article-title":"Contagion of depressive symptoms and mood: Meta-analytic review and explanations from cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal viewpoints","volume":"6","author":"Joiner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5215.2010.00499.x","article-title":"Charles Lasegue (1816\u20131883): Beyond anorexie hysterique","volume":"22","author":"Soh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"4","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder: The burden to the individual and to society","volume":"61","author":"Kessler","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407508090870","article-title":"The contribution of captivity and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder to marital adjustment of Israeli couples","volume":"25","author":"Dekel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(03)00045-4","article-title":"Psychological sequelae of combat violence: A review of the impact of PTSD on the veteran\u2019s family and possible interventions","volume":"9","author":"Galovski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"58","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress: The role of the family","volume":"3","author":"Figley","year":"1986","journal-title":"Emot. First Aid"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2015.1072016","article-title":"The Reconstruction of Criterion A in DSM-5: Is it a True Incorporation of Secondary Traumatization into the PTSD Diagnosis?","volume":"21","author":"Horesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Loss Trauma"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.36.5.538","article-title":"Secondary Traumatization in Children of Vietnam Veterans","volume":"36","author":"Rosenheck","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Figley, C.R. (2021, August 30). Traumatization and Comfort: Close Relationships May Be Hazardous to Your Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/282661160_Traumatization_and_comfort_Close_relationships_may_be_hazardous_to_your_health."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Figley, C.R. (2015). Treating Stress in Families, Brunner\/Mazel."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Figley, C.R. (1995). Compassion fatigue as secondary traumatic stress disorder: An overview. Compassion Fatigue: Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder in Those Who Treat the Traumatized, Brunner\/Mazel."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00975140","article-title":"Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims","volume":"3","author":"McCann","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4037\/15597768-1993-3044","article-title":"Do Critical Care Nurses Face Burnout, PTSD, or is it Something Else?: Getting Help for the Helpers","volume":"4","author":"Acker","year":"1993","journal-title":"AACN Adv. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000329","article-title":"Posttraumatic Stress and Burnout Symptoms in Forensic Doctors and Staff in a Mortuary","volume":"38","author":"Ozdemirel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1037\/h0086816","article-title":"PTSD transmission: A review of secondary traumatization in Holocaust survivor families","volume":"39","author":"Baranowsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. Psychol.\/Psychol. Can."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.64.5.1068","article-title":"Caregiver burden in partners of Vietnam War veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"64","author":"Beckham","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcl081","article-title":"The Cost of Caring? Social Workers in Hospitals Confront Ongoing Terrorism","volume":"37","author":"Dekel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Soc. Work."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2010.05.005","article-title":"Secondary Traumatic Stress in Nurses: A Systematic Review","volume":"25","author":"Beck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037848","article-title":"The role of ex-POWs\u2019 PTSD symptoms and trajectories in wives\u2019 secondary traumatization","volume":"28","author":"Greene","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Fam. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023994","article-title":"Distress in spouses of service members with symptoms of combat-related PTSD: Secondary traumatic stress or general psychological distress?","volume":"25","author":"Renshaw","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Fam. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22965","article-title":"Far away, so close: The role of self-differentiation in psychopathology among spouses of ex-POWs and comparable combatants","volume":"76","author":"Solomon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abendroth, M., and Figley, C.R. (2014). Vicarious traumatization and empathic discernment: Maintaining healthy boundaries. Trauma, Recovery, and the Therapeutic Relationship: Putting the Therapeutic Relationship at the Heart of Trauma Therapy, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-137-36849-2_8"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamothe, M., Boujut, E., Zenasni, F., and Sultan, S. (2014). To be or not to be empathic: The combined role of empathic concern and perspective taking in understanding burnout in general practice. BMC Fam. Pract., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-15-15"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000265","article-title":"The double-edged sword: The role of empathy in military veterans\u2019 partners distress","volume":"10","author":"Dekel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-0606.2008.00102.x","article-title":"Differentiation of the Self and Posttraumatic Symptomatology Among ex-POWs and Their Wives","volume":"35","author":"Solomon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Marital Fam. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2015.1121502","article-title":"Secondary traumatization and attachment among wives of former POWs: A longitudinal study","volume":"18","author":"Lahav","year":"2015","journal-title":"Attach. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1545-5300.1992.00289.x","article-title":"From Front Line to Home Front: A Study of Secondary Traumatization","volume":"31","author":"Solomon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fam. Process."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1037\/h0099383","article-title":"Heightened susceptibility to secondary traumatization: A meta-analysis of gender differences","volume":"84","author":"Baum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.02.350","article-title":"Trauma and the unborn child: PTSD, major depression and relationship quality following late pregnancy loss","volume":"41","author":"Horesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800903085818","article-title":"Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout in a national sample of trauma treatment therapists","volume":"23","author":"Craig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/07325223.2011.566089","article-title":"The Contribution of Training and Supervision to Perceived Role Competence, Secondary Traumatization, and Burnout among Domestic Violence Therapists","volume":"30","author":"Itzhaky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Superv."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2017.0033","article-title":"Neighborhood trauma due to violence: A multilevel analysis","volume":"28","author":"Lane","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-015-0008-6","article-title":"The geography of post-disaster mental health: Spatial patterning of psychological vulnerability and resilience factors in New York City after Hurricane Sandy","volume":"14","author":"Gruebner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016076","article-title":"Alone in the crowd: The structure and spread of loneliness in a large social network","volume":"97","author":"Cacioppo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.11.019","article-title":"The CREB1-BDNF-NTRK2 Pathway in Depression: Multiple Gene-Cognition-Environment Interactions","volume":"69","author":"Juhasz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579412000880","article-title":"Examining the role of passive gene\u2013environment correlation in childhood depression using a novel genetically sensitive design","volume":"25","author":"Rice","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.44.4.798","article-title":"Social confirmation of dysphoria: Shared and private reactions to depression","volume":"44","author":"Strack","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.49.5.641","article-title":"Depression, schizophrenia, and social attraction","volume":"49","author":"Boswell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.02.008","article-title":"A sad mood increases attention to unhealthy food images in women with food addiction","volume":"100","author":"Frayn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12080","article-title":"Does mood influence text processing and comprehension? Evidence from an eye-movement study","volume":"85","author":"Scrimin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"10779","article-title":"Editorial Expression of Concern: Experimental evidence of massivescale emotional contagion through social networks","volume":"111","author":"Verma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.13","article-title":"Social network determinants of depression","volume":"16","author":"Rosenquist","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman, S.H., and Gotlib, I.H. (2002). Children of Depressed Parents: Mechanisms of Risk and Implications for Treatment, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/10449-000"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.6.1001","article-title":"Offspring of Depressed Parents: 20 Years Later","volume":"163","author":"Weissman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.01.027","article-title":"The Genetics of Major Depression","volume":"81","author":"Flint","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1159\/000081983","article-title":"Interactive Regulation of Affect in Postpartum Depressed Mothers and Their Infants: An Overview","volume":"37","author":"Reck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.03.002","article-title":"Maternal Depression Trajectories and Children\u2019s Behavior at Age 5 Years","volume":"166","author":"Galera","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02451.x","article-title":"Influence of reporting effects on the association between maternal depression and child autism spectrum disorder behaviors","volume":"53","author":"Bennett","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710001753","article-title":"Familial transmission of depression and antisocial behavior symptoms: Disentangling the contribution of inherited and environmental factors and testing the mediating role of parenting","volume":"41","author":"Harold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410802575305","article-title":"Contagious Depression: Negative Attachment Cognitions as a Moderator of the Temporal Association Between Parental Depression and Child Depression","volume":"38","author":"Abela","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2010.517164","article-title":"Peer Contagion and Adolescent Depression: The Role of Failure Anticipation","volume":"39","author":"Kerr","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410701274934","article-title":"Moderators of Peer Contagion: A Longitudinal Examination of Depression Socialization Between Adolescents and Their Best Friends","volume":"36","author":"Prinstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-005-0931-2","article-title":"Peer Contagion of Depressogenic Attributional Styles Among Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study","volume":"33","author":"Stevens","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00509","article-title":"Co\u2013Rumination in the Friendships of Girls and Boys","volume":"73","author":"Rose","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2012.632346","article-title":"Does social anxiety predict rumination and co-rumination among adolescents?","volume":"41","author":"Jose","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-014-9912-7","article-title":"Moderating Effects of Brooding and Co-Rumination on the Relationship Between Stress and Depressive Symptoms in Early Adolescence: A Multi-Wave Study","volume":"43","author":"Bastin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027484","article-title":"Co-rumination mediates contagion of internalizing symptoms within youths\u2019 friendships","volume":"48","author":"Rose","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702613485075","article-title":"Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression Can Be Contagious","volume":"2","author":"Haeffel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2014.933308","article-title":"Affect and well-being similarity among older Indian spouses","volume":"19","author":"Shakya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860500410060","article-title":"Depression and mental health among older Mexican American spouses","volume":"10","author":"Stimpson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2013.871304","article-title":"Psychological and physical distress are interdependent in breast cancer survivors and their partners","volume":"19","author":"Segrin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.11.4.683","article-title":"Depressive symptoms across older spouses: Longitudinal influences","volume":"11","author":"Tower","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000429","article-title":"Depressive symptom contagion in the transition to parenthood: Interparental processes and the role of partner-related attachment","volume":"128","author":"Fredriksen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.125.3.293","article-title":"Mental Illness in Married Pairs in a Total Population","volume":"125","author":"Hagnell","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.10.048","article-title":"Relationship dynamics around depression in gay and lesbian couples","volume":"147","author":"Thomeer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(88)80016-9","article-title":"Marital interaction patterns of couples with and without a depressed partner","volume":"19","author":"Ruscher","year":"1988","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407515578820","article-title":"In their own words","volume":"33","author":"Sharabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62036-X","article-title":"Schizophrenia: An integrated sociodevelopmental-cognitive model","volume":"383","author":"Howes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.2.162","article-title":"Heritability Estimates for Psychotic Disorders","volume":"56","author":"Cardno","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.12.003","article-title":"Familial risks of psychotic disorders and schizophrenia among siblings based on hospitalizations in Sweden","volume":"166","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt201","article-title":"Interplay between childhood physical abuse and familial risk in the onset of psychotic disorders","volume":"40","author":"Fisher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1988.11024380","article-title":"Assortative Mating in Schizophrenia: Results from the Copenhagen High-Risk Study","volume":"51","author":"Parnas","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705006677","article-title":"Concordance in the mental health of spouses: Analysis of a large national household panel survey","volume":"36","author":"Butterworth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"321","article-title":"La Folie a Deux","volume":"18","author":"Lasegue","year":"1877","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(85)90033-1","article-title":"Folie \u00e0 deux: Psychosis by association or genetic determinism?","volume":"26","author":"Lazarus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-012-9992-9","article-title":"Shared Psychotic Disorder with Sexual Delusions","volume":"41","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859X-5-11","article-title":"The nosological significance of Folie \u00e0 Deux: A review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Arnone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4103\/2395-2555.150275","article-title":"Shared delusional disorder: A case report of Folie a trois","volume":"1","author":"Ghosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Educ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2476","article-title":"Is every shared psychosis a folie \u00e0 deux?","volume":"25","author":"Magar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.30574\/wjarr.2020.6.3.0185","article-title":"Uncommon presentation: Folie \u00e0 deux (Case study)","volume":"6","author":"Tsarkov","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Adv. Res. Rev. (WJARR)"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537943","article-title":"Folie \u00e0 deux in a child","volume":"6","author":"Simonds","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461511420751","article-title":"The Seven Sleepers: A folie \u00e0 deux case originating from a religious-cultural belief","volume":"48","author":"Yazar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transcult. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13010027","article-title":"Infanticide in a Case of Folie \u00e0 Deux","volume":"170","author":"Rahman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1236-7","article-title":"Shared psychotic disorder in children and young people: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Vigo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2015.11.005","article-title":"Aging With Schizophrenia: A Lifelong Experience of Multidimensional Losses and Suffering","volume":"30","author":"Avieli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153713","article-title":"Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: A Critical Review of the New Diagnostic Class","volume":"11","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.4.358","article-title":"A Family Study of Obsessive-compulsive Disorder","volume":"57","author":"Nestadt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-007-0789-0","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"258","author":"Grisham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30149","article-title":"A family study of early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"136B","author":"Leckman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.3","article-title":"Population-Based, Multigenerational Family Clustering Study of Obsessive-compulsive Disorder","volume":"70","author":"Boman","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708003024","article-title":"Marital resemblance for obsessive\u2013compulsive, anxious and depressive symptoms in a population-based sample","volume":"38","author":"Berg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.124718","article-title":"Shared or induced obsessive compulsive disorder: Is it a reality?","volume":"56","author":"Kirpekar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000967","article-title":"Shared Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Italian Case Report","volume":"207","author":"Benatti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-011-9549-8","article-title":"A Structural Equation Analysis of Family Accommodation in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"40","author":"Caporino","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.03.003","article-title":"A meta-analysis of family accommodation and OCD symptom severity","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199910000-00008","article-title":"Family accommodation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: Instrument development and assessment of family behavior","volume":"187","author":"Calvocoressi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12172","article-title":"Patient and family factors associated with family accommodation in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"68","author":"Gomes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181825a91","article-title":"Correlates of Accommodation of Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Parent, Child, and Family Characteristics","volume":"47","author":"Peris","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170500543X","article-title":"A direct interview family study of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. II. Contribution of proband informant information","volume":"35","author":"Lipsitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.08.017","article-title":"Harm avoidance in subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder and their families","volume":"107","author":"Ettelt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-9338(96)88390-8","article-title":"Burden on the families of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Magliano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.04.002","article-title":"A preliminary investigation of the impact of maternal obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic disorder on parenting and children","volume":"23","author":"Challacombe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00013","article-title":"At Risk for Anxiety: I. Psychopathology in the Offspring of Anxious Parents","volume":"36","author":"Beidel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"Powers, A., Stevens, J.S., O\u2019Banion, D., Stenson, A.F., Kaslow, N., Jovanovic, T., and Bradley, B. (2020). Intergenerational transmission of risk for PTSD symptoms in African American children: The roles of maternal and child emotion dysregulation. Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-019-10016-z","article-title":"Transdiagnostic Mechanisms of Psychopathology in Youth: Executive Functions, Dependent Stress, and Rumination","volume":"43","author":"Snyder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"Cicchetti, D., and Cohen, D.J. (1995). Social support and psychopathology across the life span. Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 2. Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"1664","article-title":"Parental Efficacy Moderates the Association Between Empathy and Burden Among Parents of Children Admitted to a Psychiatric Ward","volume":"59","author":"Goldzweig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fam. Process."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684311423912","article-title":"Women Support Providers Are More Susceptible Than Men to Emotional Contagion Following Brief Supportive Interactions","volume":"35","author":"Magen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Women Q."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478951519000269","article-title":"Validation of the Mindful Self-Care Scale (MSCS) and development of the Brief-MSCS among hospice and healthcare professionals: A confirmatory factor analysis approach to validation","volume":"17","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Palliat. Support. Care"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-015-0068-9","article-title":"The role of cognitive dysfunction in the symptoms and remission from depression","volume":"14","author":"Gonda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braga, L.L., Mello, M.F., and Fiks, J.P. (2012). Transgenerational transmission of trauma and resilience: A qualitative study with Brazilian offspring of Holocaust survivors. BMC Psychiatry, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-134"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00604","article-title":"Siblings of Individuals With Eating Disorders: A Review of the Literature","volume":"11","author":"Maon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000273","article-title":"Examination of real-time fluctuations in suicidal ideation and its risk factors: Results from two ecological momentary assessment studies","volume":"126","author":"Kleiman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-014-0168-x","article-title":"Peer Influences on Internalizing and Externalizing Problems among Adolescents: A Longitudinal Social Network Analysis","volume":"44","author":"Fortuin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2014.885270","article-title":"Secondary Traumatization and Marital Adjustment among Former Prisoners of War Wives","volume":"20","author":"Zerach","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Loss Trauma"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2015.17.1\/bcuthbert","article-title":"Research Domain Criteria: Toward future psychiatric nosologies","volume":"17","author":"Cuthbert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09091379","article-title":"Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): Toward a New Classification Framework for Research on Mental Disorders","volume":"167","author":"Insel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2850.2007.00093.x","article-title":"Emotion and emotion regulation: A map for psychotherapy researchers","volume":"14","author":"Rottenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/1\/67\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:56:56Z","timestamp":1760169416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/12\/1\/67"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci12010067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12010067","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]}}}