{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:37:00Z","timestamp":1762079820909,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has reached over 276 million people globally with 5.3 million deaths as of 22nd December 2021. COVID-19-associated acute and long-term neurological manifestations are well recognized. The exact profile and the timing of neurological events in relation to the onset of infection are worth exploring. The aim of the current body of work was to determine the frequency, pattern, and temporal profile of neurological manifestations in a cohort of Egyptian patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection. Methods: This was a prospective study conducted on 582 hospitalized COVID-19 patients within the first two weeks of the diagnosis of COVID-19 to detect any specific or non-specific neurological events. Results: The patients\u2019 mean (SD) age was 46.74 (17.26) years, and 340 (58.42%) patients were females. The most commonly encountered COVID-19 symptoms were fever (90.72%), cough (82.99%), and fatigue (76.98%). Neurological events (NE) detected in 283 patients (48.63%) and were significantly associated with a severe COVID-19 at the onset (OR: 3.13; 95% CI: 2.18\u20134.51; p &lt; 0.0001) and with a higher mortality (OR: 2.56; 95% CI: 1.48\u20135.46; p = 0.019). The most frequently reported NEs were headaches (n = 167) and myalgias (n = 126). Neurological syndromes included stroke (n = 14), encephalitis (n = 12), encephalopathy (n = 11), transverse myelitis (n = 6) and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (n = 4). Conclusions: Neurological involvement is common (48.63%) in COVID-19 patients within the first two weeks of the illness. This includes neurological symptoms such as anosmia, headaches, as well as a constellation of neurological syndromes such as stroke, encephalitis, transverse myelitis, and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Severity of acute COVID-19 illness and older age are the main risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12010074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T22:51:50Z","timestamp":1641250310000},"page":"74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Neurological Manifestations in a Cohort of Egyptian Patients with COVID-19: A Prospective, Multicenter, Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Doaa A.","family":"Mekkawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6961-8675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherif","family":"Hamdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2053-980X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maged","family":"Abdel-Naseer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hatem S.","family":"Shehata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Al","family":"Halfawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nevin M.","family":"Shalaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghaydaa A.","family":"Shehata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Assuit University Hospitals, Assuit 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anwar M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Assuit University Hospitals, Assuit 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Elmazny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra M.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jumana H.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Diseases, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aml","family":"Ibraheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Diseases, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4536-7941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoda M.","family":"Abdel-Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Diseases, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4916-276X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rehab","family":"Magdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Younan","family":"Kabara Ayoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endemic Medicine Department, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed E.","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endemic Medicine Department, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nahla","family":"Merghany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nourhan M.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haidy","family":"Elshebawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samar E. S.","family":"Abdelal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lobna","family":"El-Ghoneimy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5988-0952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aussan","family":"Al-Athwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Aden University, Aden 37970, Yemen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nirmeen A.","family":"Kishk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mona A. F.","family":"Nada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marwa","family":"Farghaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7374-7074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5012-3998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed I.","family":"Hegazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdelalim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Husam S.","family":"Mourad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Hassouna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0976-9011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alshimaa S.","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1701-7111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tissa","family":"Wijeratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Neurology, AIMSS, Melbourne Medical School, Sunshine Hospital, Western Health, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Dean\u2019s Office, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rajarata, Saliyapura, Anuradhapuraya 50000, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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